Policy criticism
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Aug 30, 2025 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy criticism; policy discussion; Crime and Law Enforcement · Source
0%
of sponsored bills got out of committee, in the bottom 5% of the New York House
0% of 22 sponsored bills got out of committee; the average for the New York House is 20%. Ranks 146th of 148, where 1st is the highest share.
The share of bills Norber sponsored that a committee reported out or a chamber passed, ranked within the New York House. Members of the majority party and committee chairs move more bills, so the rank reflects position as well as effort.
At a glance
6 measures against the New York House. 0.1% of Norber’s itemized money in the 2026 cycle came from New York, in the bottom 5% of State House Republicans. Norber reported $1,441 in the 2026 cycle, in the bottom tenth of State House Republicans (median $33.7K).
The measures on which Norber sits furthest from the middle of the New York House, each against the same group, with the CSIP score when there is one. Every number is explained in its own section below.
Out of committee
0%
New York House average 20% · ranks 146th of 148
From New York, 2026
0.1%
Of itemized individual dollars · ranks 2247th of 2,335 State House Republicans
Itemized, 2026
$1,441
State House Republicans’ median $33.7K · ranks 2388th of 2,521
CSIP ideology
+0.68
More conservative than 91% of State House Republicans · ± 0.03
Party unity
83%
New York House average 92.9% · ranks 130th of 149 · 172 votes against the majority of New York House Republicans
Attendance
97.4%
New York House average 93.9% · ranks 76th of 149 · 2,019 roll calls
Peer group: New York House. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; the thick bar is Norber, the thin grey bar the peer average. The headline is the measure on which Norber is most unusual among peers (Methods, §08).
What Norber says
Norber attacks opponents personally less than 81% of State House Republicans. Personal attacks in 0% of 19 statements, against 2.9% for the average State House Republican; 642nd of 791.
An AI model reads each of Norber’s 19 statements in the NY 2025–26 session (19 posts on X) and marks the kinds of statement it contains: a personal attack, criticism of a policy, discussion of policy, bipartisanship, credit claiming, and extreme labels. A statement can carry several. Every rate is compared with the average for State House Republicans and ranked among them.
Kinds of statement
Share of statements carrying each label, the NY 2025–26 session
0%80%
Norber
Peers
Rank
Policy discussion5 statements
26%
32%
467th of 791
Credit claiming3 statements
16%
13%
272nd of 791
Policy criticism2 statements
11%
9%
261st of 791
Personal attacks0 statements
0%
3%
642nd of 791
Bipartisanship0 statements
0%
2%
677th of 791
Show the data
| Row | Norber | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Policy discussion | 26% | 32% |
| Credit claiming | 16% | 13% |
| Policy criticism | 11% | 9% |
| Personal attacks | 0% | 3% |
| Bipartisanship | 0% | 2% |
19
statements classified
19 posts on X.
Show the data
| Part | Value |
|---|---|
| posts on X | 19 |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is Norber; the thin grey bar is the average State House Republicans. A longer thick bar means Norber does this more than peers. Rank 1 is the highest rate in the group.
Extreme labels
Norber used no extreme labels in 19 statements. The peer average is 1.4%.
No extreme labels in this window.
Who gets the labels
Targets named alongside an extreme label, by number of statements
No targets recorded.
What an extreme label is
Calls a politician, a party or a policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who or what the label was aimed at. The lists show the five most used labels and targets; the toggle shows the rest.
Month by month
Share of statements per month, the NY 2025–26 session
No month in this window has 10 or more statements, too few to chart month by month.
How to read the strips
Each row is one kind of statement; each cell is a month, shaded against that row’s own peak (darker = closer to the peak), with the peak and the latest value written at the right. The top row counts statements. The strip covers every month of the NY 2025–26 session, the same span as the rates above, including months with no statements. A month with fewer than 10 statements is hatched, not shaded: one or two posts would swing its rate to 0% or 100%. 22 months are hatched here; 15 of them have no statements.
In Norber’s words
Real statements from the classifier’s example set, with the labels it assigned
Policy discussion
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Sep 30, 2025 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; International Affairs · Source
Credit claiming
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Feb 24, 2025 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; credit claiming; Agriculture and Food · Source
Examples by category
Up to five recent statements in each category
Overtly questions a named person’s character, integrity or loyalty, or calls them names. Criticising a record or a policy does not count.
No statements in this category in this window.
All 19 statements
Newest first, the NY 2025–26 session
The full feed
Five statements at a time, newest first; filters apply to the statements loaded so far. Export saves the statements that match. Sources: 19 posts on X.
Policy
Agriculture and Food is what Norber talks about most: 20% of policy statements, 4.5 times the peer share. Peers give it 4.4%. Agreement with legislation needs at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Each policy statement is tagged by the AI model with one or more of 25 policy areas from the Congressional Research Service list, so the shares say what Norber talks about. The bills Norber sponsors and cosponsors carry the same areas, so the two can be compared.
What Norber talks about
Share of policy statements by area, the NY 2025–26 session
0%35%
Norber
Peers
Agriculture and Food1 statements
20%
4%
Commerce1 statements
20%
4%
Crime and Law Enforcement1 statements
20%
11%
Economics and Public Finance1 statements
20%
12%
International Affairs1 statements
20%
2%
Show the data
| Row | Norber | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture and Food | 20% | 4% |
| Commerce | 20% | 4% |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 20% | 11% |
| Economics and Public Finance | 20% | 12% |
| International Affairs | 20% | 2% |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is the share of Norber’s policy statements in an area; the thin grey bar is the average share for State House Republicans. A statement counts once in each of its areas, so shares can add to more than 100%. The five largest areas are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
Talks about · legislates on
Left: share of statements by policy area. Right: share of bills. Areas in order of their share of statements; both sides run from 0 to 35%. Grey ticks are the State House Republicans averages.
Show the data
| Area | Talks about | State House Republicans, talks about | Legislates on | State House Republicans, legislates on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture and Food | 20% | 4% | 2% | 3% |
| Commerce | 20% | 4% | 4% | 3% |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 20% | 11% | 27% | 11% |
| Economics and Public Finance | 20% | 12% | 2% | 2% |
| International Affairs | 20% | 2% | 0% | 1% |
No agreement score.Needs at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills in the window.
What agreement means, and what it doesn’t
Agreement is 1 minus the distance between the two distributions (Jensen–Shannon): 1 means Norber legislates on exactly the areas Norber talks about, in the same proportions; 0 means no overlap. It does not say whether the bills match the positions in the statements, only the subjects. Bills Norber sponsored count fully, cosponsored bills a quarter. Shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Ideology
Norber sits at +0.68 on the CSIP scale, right of 0, more conservative than 91% of State House Republicans. Approximate range +0.65 to +0.71, which understates the uncertainty; from 3,703 donors and 290 roll calls.
CSIP, the lab’s Common-Space Ideal Point, places every official, federal and state, on one left–right scale, estimated from roll-call votes, who gives money to whom, and the text of statements. Negative is left of 0, positive right of it; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of “moderate”.
+0.68
CSIP ideal point
Approximate range +0.65 to +0.71. From 3,703 donors and 290 roll calls. Run 2026-10-25T215945. Blue is left of 0, red right of 0.
The outlined dot is Norber, coloured by its side of 0 (blue left, red right, deeper further out); the bar through it is the approximate range (±1.96 standard errors), which understates the uncertainty; the grey ticks below are the medians of Norber’s groups. 0 is the centre of the scale, not “moderate” by definition.
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score summarises how an official votes, who funds them and how they talk, relative to everyone else. It does not grade positions as good or bad, and two officials with the same score can differ on any single issue. The ± range is 1.96 standard errors, which understates the uncertainty: scores whose ranges overlap may not differ at all, and even scores whose ranges do not overlap may not differ.
Where Norber sits
Every official in each group, on the CSIP scale
State House Republicans2,917 · median +0.4
New York House150 · median −0.5
All State House5,324 · median +0.1
Show the data
| Group | Officials | Median | Share left of Norber |
|---|---|---|---|
| State House Republicans | 2917 | +0.4 | 91% |
| New York House | 150 | −0.5 | 97% |
| All State House | 5324 | +0.1 | 95% |
How to read the strips
Every small dot is one official on the same scale, coloured by its own score (blue left of 0, red right of 0, grey at 0, deeper further out) and spread up and down only to keep dots apart; where a group is crowded the dots overlap, and darker patches mean more officials. The large outlined dot is Norber in every row; the rule is each group’s median. The table under the figure gives the share of each group to the left of Norber.
Money
Norber reported $1,441 in the 2026 cycle, 4.3% of the State House Republicans’ median of $33.7K. State filings report no small-donation total. 0.1% of itemized individual money came from New York.
Campaign money from state campaign-finance filings, as aggregates only; the lab never shows an individual donor. Campaigns must report by name every person who gives them more than $200 in a cycle (“itemized”); smaller gifts are reported only as one total (“unitemized”), so donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations describe itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift total, so these figures add up itemized contributions only.
$1,441
itemized in the 2026 cycle
From 68 itemized donors. State House Republicans’ median $33.7K.
Where the money came from
Each square is one percent of itemized contributions in the 2026 cycle.
- Individuals (itemized)83 squares$1,191
- PACs and other committees17 squares$250
Show the data
| Source | Amount | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals (itemized) | $1,191 | 82.6% |
| PACs and other committees | $250 | 17.4% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
Totals say how much a campaign took in, not how it was spent, and they rise sharply when a seat is up for election; compare cycles with that in mind.
Receipts by cycle
Itemized contributions, 2024 to 2026. The grey line is the State House Republicans’ median for 2026.
Show the data
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| 2024 cycle | $146.3K |
| 2026 cycle | $1,441 |
Top donor states, 2026
Itemized contributions by donor state. 0.1% came from New York.
- Michigan$192
- California$170
- Florida$166
- Texas$160
- Pennsylvania$64
Small donations
State filings report no total for small gifts.
Not reported in state filings.
Where itemized donors live
Individuals who gave more than $200, by donor state
Show the data
| State | Value |
|---|---|
| Michigan | $192 |
| California | $170 |
| Florida | $166 |
| Texas | $160 |
| Pennsylvania | $64 |
| Colorado | $55 |
| Virginia | $42 |
| New Jersey | $42 |
| Georgia | $41 |
| Illinois | $41 |
| Missouri | $32 |
| Arizona | $21 |
| Ohio | $21 |
| South Carolina | $20 |
| Washington | $18 |
| Idaho | $18 |
| Massachusetts | $18 |
| Nevada | $18 |
| North Dakota | $10 |
| South Dakota | $10 |
| Minnesota | $6 |
| Mississippi | $5 |
| Alabama | $5 |
| Wisconsin | $5 |
| Indiana | $5 |
| Tennessee | $2 |
| Kentucky | $2 |
| New York | $1 |
| North Carolina | $1 |
| Alaska | No data |
| Maine | No data |
| Vermont | No data |
| New Hampshire | No data |
| Montana | No data |
| Rhode Island | No data |
| Oregon | No data |
| Wyoming | No data |
| Iowa | No data |
| Connecticut | No data |
| Utah | No data |
| Nebraska | No data |
| West Virginia | No data |
| Maryland | No data |
| Delaware | No data |
| New Mexico | No data |
| Kansas | No data |
| Arkansas | No data |
| District of Columbia | No data |
| Oklahoma | No data |
| Louisiana | No data |
| Hawaii | No data |
68
itemized donors
People who gave more than $200
0.1%
from New York
Of itemized individual dollars
How to read the map
Every state the same size. Darker states gave more itemized money; hatched states had no itemized donors; the outlined state is New York. Gifts of $200 or less carry no address and are left out.
Top donor occupations
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
No occupations reported.
Top committees
PAC and committee contributions, 2026 cycle.
- LAWPAC OF NEW YORK$250
Top employers
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
No employers reported.
Aggregates only. Individual donors are never named.
Votes
Norber voted with the majority of New York House Republicans on 83% of party-line votes and missed 2.6% of 2,019 roll calls. New York House on average: 92.9% party unity, 93.9% attendance. Across all roll calls, Norber voted against the majority of New York House Republicans 172 times.
2,019 roll calls Norber could vote on in the NY 2025–26 session, compared with New York House. Attendance is the share with a vote recorded. Party unity counts only party-line roll calls, where most Democrats and most Republicans voted on opposite sides, and is the share of those where Norber voted with the majority of New York House Republicans. The count of votes against that majority covers every roll call where the majority took a side.
172
votes against the majority of New York House Republicans
Party unity 83%, New York House average 92.9%, ranks 130th of 149. 2,019 roll calls in the NY 2025–26 session.
Attendance and party unity
The thick bar is Norber, the thin grey bar the New York House average. The scale runs from 80% to 100% to show the gap.
80%100%
Norber
Peers
Rank
Attendance
97.4%
93.9%
76th of 149
Party unity
83%
92.9%
130th of 149
Show the data
| Row | Norber | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Attendance | 97.4% | 93.9% |
| Party unity | 83% | 92.9% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
A missed roll call has many causes, from illness to campaigning, so attendance says how often, not why. A vote against the majority can be on procedure as well as substance, and many fall on roll calls where both parties split; the key votes below show the ones that decided something.
Key votes
25 roll calls the lab flagged as key in the NY 2025–26 session
| Party split (yea–nay) | Why it’s key | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 5, 2026 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 86–0 · R 43–0Democrats 86 yea, 0 nay; Republicans 43 yea, 0 nay | became law | |
| Jun 5, 2026 | S 10001 Provides for a license to sell liquor at retail for consumption on certain premises Assembly Vote | Yea | With majority | pass | D 85–2 · R 43–0Democrats 85 yea, 2 nay; Republicans 43 yea, 0 nay | became law |
| Jun 5, 2026 | S 10655 Relates to the compensation, benefits and other terms and conditions of employment of certain state officers and employees; repealer Assembly Vote | Yea | With majority | pass | D 86–0 · R 43–0Democrats 86 yea, 0 nay; Republicans 43 yea, 0 nay | became law |
| Jun 5, 2026 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 64–23 · R 30–13Democrats 64 yea, 23 nay; Republicans 30 yea, 13 nay | became law · party crossover | |
| Jun 5, 2026 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 66–21 · R 30–13Democrats 66 yea, 21 nay; Republicans 30 yea, 13 nay | became law · party crossover |
How key votes are chosen
Automatically: a final-passage or override vote where the measure became law, the margin was under 10%, at least 10% of either party voted against its majority, or the bill was among the 25 most mentioned in officials’ own statements. Up to 25 per window, most recent first; five are shown. Bars show yea on the left, nay on the right, per party.
Votes most often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Norber most often
- Pat ChludzinskiR1,967 shared votes95%
- Sam PirozzoloR1,943 shared votes95%
- Scott BendettR1,967 shared votes95%
- Lester ChangR1,962 shared votes95%
- Alec Brook-KrasnyR1,946 shared votes95%
Votes least often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Norber least often
- Deborah GlickD1,823 shared votes77%
- Harvey EpsteinD933 shared votes77%
- Alex BoresD1,243 shared votes77%
- Erik DilanD1,512 shared votes77%
- Claire ValdezD1,380 shared votes78%
How to read the agreement lists
The share of roll calls both members voted on where they voted the same way, among colleagues sharing at least 50 such votes. High agreement with members of the other party is common on routine votes.
Full voting record
NY 2025–26 session, loads in batches
Legislation
Norber sponsored 22 bills in the NY 2025–26 session; none became law. Cosponsored 121 others. 0% of sponsored bills got out of committee (New York House average 20%; 146th of 148).
The bills Norber sponsored and cosponsored in the NY 2025–26 session, from the official bill records, and how far each got: introduced, referred to or acted on in committee, passed one chamber, passed both, became law. A bill counts at every stage it has reached, so the blocks only shrink to the right.
Bills by stage
Counts for the NY 2025–26 session
Show the data
| Role | Introduced | In committee | Passed one chamber | Passed both chambers | Became law |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponsored | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cosponsored | 121 | 121 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
How to read the blocks
Ink blocks are bills Norber sponsored, ochre blocks bills Norber cosponsored; the figure above each block is the count. Most bills in any legislature never leave committee, so a short staircase is the norm.
0%
of sponsored bills got out of committee
New York House average 20%. Ranks 146th of 148.
Cosponsorship partners
Colleagues who most often cosponsor with Norber, by number of shared bills in the NY 2025–26 session; the square shows their party.
- Ari Brown36
- Joe DeStefano33
- Misha Novakhov29
- Dave McDonough28
- Alec Brook-Krasny27
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score is the share of sponsored bills that a committee reported out or a chamber passed, with at least 5 sponsored bills, ranked within the peer group. Members of the majority party and committee chairs move more bills, so the rank reflects position in the chamber as well as effort. Cosponsorship partners are the five colleagues who share the most of Norber’s bills; the toggle shows more.
Bill list
Sponsored and cosponsored, with status and policy area; five are shown, the toggle shows the rest
| A 11497 | Establishes a central business district toll exemption during any period of strike by an employee organization, work stoppage or declared state of emergency | Cosponsor | May 28, 2026 | In committee | Transportation and Public Works(model) | REFERRED TO TRANSPORTATION May 28, 2026 |
| A 11489 | Provides for a fuel tax holiday until the end of the ongoing hostilities with Iran and the reopening of the strait of Hormuz | Cosponsor | May 28, 2026 | In committee | Taxation(model) | REFERRED TO WAYS AND MEANS May 28, 2026 |
| A 11426 | Designates "The Empire State" as the official state nickname | Cosponsor | May 15, 2026 | In committee | Unassigned | REFERRED TO GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS May 15, 2026 |
| A 11182 | Relates to threats or harm to animals as a means of coercion or coercive control | Cosponsor | May 1, 2026 | In committee | Families(model) | REFERRED TO CODES May 1, 2026 |
| A 11236 | Relates to coordination of policies and services of the traumatic brain injury program with the office for the prevention of domestic violence | Cosponsor | May 1, 2026 | In committee | Health(model) | REFERRED TO HEALTH May 1, 2026 |
Online
A site that has not changed in 90 days. Norber’s official site had 1 page when last crawled on Oct 1, 2026.
The lab crawls Norber’s official and campaign websites (weekly for Congress, monthly for the states) and keeps every page’s text, so changes can be read later; it also records social accounts and describes the images Norber posts with a vision model.
Websites
- 1
pages crawled
0changes in 90 days
- 0
pages crawled
0changes in 90 days
How to read the counts
“Pages crawled” is the size of the site at the last crawl; “changes in 90 days” counts pages whose text differed from the previous crawl. Sites change for many routine reasons, such as new press releases, so a high count is not by itself notable.
Social accounts
- XNorberForNY
- Facebookwww.facebook.com/NorberForNY
- Facebookwww.facebook.com/danny.norber
- Instagramwww.instagram.com/norberforny/
- Instagramwww.instagram.com/dannynorber/
Images Norber posted
No images from Norber’s posts have been described.
About the descriptions
Written by a vision model and may be wrong. Open the post to see the original. Five are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
State floor speeches
301 turns, Jan 27, 2025 to Jun 5, 2026
Floor speeches
Transcribed from chamber video or captions by the lab. They are not classified for kinds of statement.
Methods and sources
How this page was made. Profile built Oct 28, 2026; site last built Oct 28, 2026. Every number on the page is computed from the sources listed here, by the same rules for every official; nothing is written by hand.
The headline
The headline is the measure on which Norber is most unusual among New York House, chosen by one rule for every official of every party. The candidates are the rate of each kind of statement and of extreme labels, party unity, attendance, the small-donor share, the in-state share and total receipts of the latest cycle, the share of sponsored bills that got out of committee, talk-to-bills agreement, and the CSIP score’s place within the party group.
The builder ranks every measure within the same peer group the page compares it with, and writes each official’s percentile: the share of the group below the value, ties counting half, so 0.5 is the median and a value shared by many never ranks first. A measure’s score is how far that percentile sits from the median (0 in the middle, 0.5 at either end), and the highest score leads if it is above 0.25, outside the middle half of the group. Scores within 0.03 of each other are a tie, broken in this order: votes against the party majority, kinds of statement, ideology, roll calls missed, small donations, in-state money, legislation, agreement, extreme labels, receipts.
A measure counts only with at least 200 statements, 100 roll calls or 5 sponsored bills behind it and a peer group of at least 10. Two things never lead: high party unity or attendance, where most members sit, and a high rate of a kind of statement backed by fewer than 10 statements. When nothing qualifies, the headline is a neutral fact instead: statements classified, or years in office. The wording always names the direction (“in the bottom 5% of …”, “votes against the majority of …”).
Identifiers
- Profile id
- 2e502adc-4b0e-46fa-b5d4-0d2f7696db49
- Open States
- ocd-person/2e502adc-4b0e-46fa-b5d4-0d2f7696db49
Bulk files with the same data for every official:
Freshness of this profile’s data
- What politicians sayOct 27, 20261 days agoMembers of Congress: tweets since 2017; press releases, newsletters and floor speeches since 2022. State legislators: tweets since May 2024. Governors: tweets since January 2025. Labels from an LLM classifier.
- Roll calls (state)Oct 21, 20267 days agoOpen States floor roll calls, 2019 on (none for AK and MO).
- Bills (state)Oct 28, 2026todayOpen States bills and sponsors, 2019 on; stages from roll calls.
- Campaign money (state)no dateState campaign-finance agencies, 2019 on; aggregates only.
- Ideology (CSIP)Oct 25, 20263 days agoCommon-Space Ideal Points (CSIP), current validated run.
- WebsitesOct 25, 20263 days agoWeekly crawls of federal sites since April 2026; monthly state crawls since June 2026.
- State floor speechesOct 21, 20267 days agoState floor speech turns (published transcripts and captions), 2020 on; not LLM-classified.
How the measures work
- What politicians say
- Every post, press release, newsletter and congressional floor speech is read by a language model and marked for personal attacks, policy criticism, policy discussion, bipartisanship and credit claiming. A statement can be in several. Rates are shares of statements in the window. The methods paper.
- Extreme labels
- A statement has an extreme label when it calls a politician, party or policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who the label is aimed at.
- Policy areas and agreement
- Statements and bills share 25 Congressional Research Service policy areas (state bills are assigned by a language model). Agreement is 1 − Jensen–Shannon distance between the two distributions, shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
- Ideology (CSIP)
- Common-Space Ideal Points place federal and state officials on one left–right scale, estimated jointly from roll calls, campaign contributions and the text of statements, with standard errors. Only a validated run is shown. The methods paper.
- Campaign money
- Campaigns report by name only donors who give more than $200 in a cycle; smaller gifts are reported as one total. Federal totals and the small-donor share come from the FEC’s financial summaries of each campaign committee. Donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations cover itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift totals, so state figures are itemized only. The lab never publishes donor names.
- Votes and key votes
- Attendance, party unity and the count of votes against the majority of an official’s own party come from roll calls (Voteview for Congress, chamber records for the states). Key votes are final-passage or override votes that became law, were decided by under 10%, saw at least 10% of a party vote against its majority, or concerned one of the 25 bills most mentioned in officials’ statements.
- Peers and ranks
- Comparisons are with the same party, chamber and level (for example House Democrats); state legislators are compared within their state and chamber for votes. Every comparison names its group. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; tied values share the average of their ranks, and the percentile is the share of the group below the value, ties counting half.
America’s Political Pulse · Polarization Research Lab