Policy discussion
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Oct 17, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; Government Operations and Politics · Source
16%
of statements discuss policy, in the bottom tenth of State Senate Democrats
16% of 572 statements discuss policy (93 statements); the average for State Senate Democrats is 43%. Ranks 298th of 329, where 1st is the highest rate.
An AI model reads each of Boldman’s posts on X and marks whether it discusses a specific policy. The rate is the share of statements marked; it is compared with the average among State Senate Democrats and ranked against the same group.
At a glance
6 measures against State Senate Democrats. 4.4% of Boldman’s statements claim credit, in the bottom quarter of State Senate Democrats (average 16%). Boldman sits at −0.44 on the CSIP scale, more conservative than 79% of State Senate Democrats.
The measures on which Boldman sits furthest from the middle of State Senate Democrats, each against the same group, with the CSIP score when there is one. Every number is explained in its own section below.
Policy discussion
16%
State Senate Democrats average 43% · ranks 298th of 329
Credit claiming
4.4%
State Senate Democrats average 16% · ranks 266th of 329
CSIP ideology
−0.44
More conservative than 79% of State Senate Democrats · ± 0.04
Extreme labels
0.9%
State Senate Democrats average 0.8% · ranks 75th of 329
Itemized, 2024
$6,490
State Senate Democrats’ median $16.2K · ranks 39th of 55
Bipartisanship
3.9%
State Senate Democrats average 3.4% · ranks 108th of 329
Peer group: State Senate Democrats. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; the thick bar is Boldman, the thin grey bar the peer average. The headline is the measure on which Boldman is most unusual among peers (Methods, §08).
What Boldman says
Boldman claims credit less than 80% of State Senate Democrats. Credit claiming in 4.4% of 572 statements, against 16% for the average State Senate Democrat; 266th of 329.
An AI model reads each of Boldman’s 572 statements in the MT 2025–26 session (572 posts on X) and marks the kinds of statement it contains: a personal attack, criticism of a policy, discussion of policy, bipartisanship, credit claiming, and extreme labels. A statement can carry several. Every rate is compared with the average for State Senate Democrats and ranked among them.
Kinds of statement
Share of statements carrying each label, the MT 2025–26 session
0%80%
Boldman
Peers
Rank
Policy discussion93 statements
16%
43%
298th of 329
Policy criticism40 statements
7%
10%
181st of 329
Credit claiming25 statements
4%
16%
266th of 329
Bipartisanship22 statements
4%
3%
108th of 329
Personal attacks8 statements
1%
2%
120th of 329
Show the data
| Row | Boldman | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Policy discussion | 16% | 43% |
| Policy criticism | 7% | 10% |
| Credit claiming | 4% | 16% |
| Bipartisanship | 4% | 3% |
| Personal attacks | 1% | 2% |
572
statements classified
572 posts on X.
Show the data
| Part | Value |
|---|---|
| posts on X | 572 |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is Boldman; the thin grey bar is the average State Senate Democrats. A longer thick bar means Boldman does this more than peers. Rank 1 is the highest rate in the group.
Extreme labels
Boldman used extreme labels in 0.9% of statements, close to the peer average. 5 statements, most often aimed at Democrats; peers 0.8%.
- “MAGA”1
- “fascist”1
- “radical”1
Who gets the labels
Targets named alongside an extreme label, by number of statements
- Democrats1
- MAGA1
- steal1
What an extreme label is
Calls a politician, a party or a policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who or what the label was aimed at. The lists show the five most used labels and targets; the toggle shows the rest.
Month by month
Share of statements per month, the MT 2025–26 session
Show the data
| Column | Statements | Personal attacks | Policy criticism | Policy discussion | Bipartisanship | Credit claiming | Extreme labels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan ’25 | 13 | 0.0% | 7.7% | 15.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Feb ’25 | 50 | 2.0% | 14.0% | 20.0% | 4.0% | 10.0% | 2.0% |
| Mar ’25 | 5 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| Apr ’25 | 27 | 3.7% | 0.0% | 22.2% | 7.4% | 14.8% | 3.7% |
| May ’25 | 17 | 0.0% | 5.9% | 17.6% | 5.9% | 5.9% | 0.0% |
| Jun ’25 | 48 | 0.0% | 6.3% | 12.5% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 0.0% |
| Jul ’25 | 50 | 2.0% | 14.0% | 26.0% | 8.0% | 4.0% | 0.0% |
| Aug ’25 | 46 | 2.2% | 21.7% | 23.9% | 2.2% | 4.3% | 2.2% |
| Sep ’25 | 59 | 0.0% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Oct ’25 | 37 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 10.8% | 5.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% |
| Nov ’25 | 26 | 0.0% | 7.7% | 11.5% | 0.0% | 3.9% | 3.9% |
| Dec ’25 | 8 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| Jan ’26 | 24 | 4.2% | 0.0% | 29.2% | 4.2% | 8.3% | 0.0% |
| Feb ’26 | 58 | 0.0% | 3.5% | 3.5% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 1.7% |
| Mar ’26 | 30 | 6.7% | 13.3% | 16.7% | 6.7% | 3.3% | 0.0% |
| Apr ’26 | 3 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| May ’26 | 10 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Jun ’26 | 8 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| Jul ’26 | 8 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| Aug ’26 | 15 | 6.7% | 0.0% | 40.0% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 0.0% |
| Sep ’26 | 8 | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) | — (fewer than 10 statements) |
| Oct ’26 | 22 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 40.9% | 0.0% | 4.5% | 0.0% |
How to read the strips
Each row is one kind of statement; each cell is a month, shaded against that row’s own peak (darker = closer to the peak), with the peak and the latest value written at the right. The top row counts statements. The strip covers every month of the MT 2025–26 session, the same span as the rates above, including months with no statements. A month with fewer than 10 statements is hatched, not shaded: one or two posts would swing its rate to 0% or 100%. 6 months are hatched here.
In Boldman’s words
Real statements from the classifier’s example set, with the labels it assigned
Credit claiming
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Oct 6, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; credit claiming; Crime and Law Enforcement; Public Lands and Natural Resources · Source
Extreme label
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Feb 10, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · extreme label “MAGA” aimed at MAGA · Source
Examples by category
Up to five recent statements in each category
Overtly questions a named person’s character, integrity or loyalty, or calls them names. Criticising a record or a policy does not count.
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · target: FitzpatrickSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · target: Donald TrumpSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · target: unknownSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · target: Greg BovinoSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · target: Alex JonesSource
All 572 statements
Newest first, the MT 2025–26 session
The full feed
Five statements at a time, newest first; filters apply to the statements loaded so far. Export saves the statements that match. Sources: 572 posts on X.
Policy
Government Operations and Politics is what Boldman talks about most: 26% of policy statements, 1.8 times the peer share. Peers give it 14%.
Each policy statement is tagged by the AI model with one or more of 25 policy areas from the Congressional Research Service list, so the shares say what Boldman talks about. The bills Boldman sponsors and cosponsors carry the same areas, so the two can be compared.
What Boldman talks about
Share of policy statements by area, the MT 2025–26 session
0%35%
Boldman
Peers
Government Operations and Politics24 statements
26%
14%
Health23 statements
25%
17%
Crime and Law Enforcement16 statements
17%
8%
Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues8 statements
9%
8%
Taxation6 statements
6%
3%
Show the data
| Row | Boldman | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Government Operations and Politics | 26% | 14% |
| Health | 25% | 17% |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 17% | 8% |
| Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues | 9% | 8% |
| Taxation | 6% | 3% |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is the share of Boldman’s policy statements in an area; the thin grey bar is the average share for State Senate Democrats. A statement counts once in each of its areas, so shares can add to more than 100%. The five largest areas are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
Talks about · legislates on
Left: share of statements by policy area. Right: share of bills. Areas in order of their share of statements; both sides run from 0 to 35%. Grey ticks are the State Senate Democrats averages.
No sponsored or cosponsored bills with a policy area in this window.
What agreement means, and what it doesn’t
Agreement is 1 minus the distance between the two distributions (Jensen–Shannon): 1 means Boldman legislates on exactly the areas Boldman talks about, in the same proportions; 0 means no overlap. It does not say whether the bills match the positions in the statements, only the subjects. Bills Boldman sponsored count fully, cosponsored bills a quarter. Shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Ideology
Boldman sits at −0.44 on the CSIP scale, left of 0, more conservative than 79% of State Senate Democrats. Approximate range −0.48 to −0.40, which understates the uncertainty; from 14 donors and 600 roll calls.
CSIP, the lab’s Common-Space Ideal Point, places every official, federal and state, on one left–right scale, estimated from roll-call votes, who gives money to whom, and the text of statements. Negative is left of 0, positive right of it; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of “moderate”.
−0.44
CSIP ideal point
Approximate range −0.48 to −0.40. From 14 donors and 600 roll calls. Run 2026-10-25T215945. Blue is left of 0, red right of 0.
The outlined dot is Boldman, coloured by its side of 0 (blue left, red right, deeper further out); the bar through it is the approximate range (±1.96 standard errors), which understates the uncertainty; the grey ticks below are the medians of Boldman’s groups. 0 is the centre of the scale, not “moderate” by definition.
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score summarises how an official votes, who funds them and how they talk, relative to everyone else. It does not grade positions as good or bad, and two officials with the same score can differ on any single issue. The ± range is 1.96 standard errors, which understates the uncertainty: scores whose ranges overlap may not differ at all, and even scores whose ranges do not overlap may not differ.
Where Boldman sits
Every official in each group, on the CSIP scale
State Senate Democrats825 · median −0.7
Montana Senate50 · median +0.2
All State Senate1,909 · median +0.1
Show the data
| Group | Officials | Median | Share left of Boldman |
|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate Democrats | 825 | −0.7 | 79% |
| Montana Senate | 50 | +0.2 | 26% |
| All State Senate | 1909 | +0.1 | 34% |
How to read the strips
Every small dot is one official on the same scale, coloured by its own score (blue left of 0, red right of 0, grey at 0, deeper further out) and spread up and down only to keep dots apart; where a group is crowded the dots overlap, and darker patches mean more officials. The large outlined dot is Boldman in every row; the rule is each group’s median. The table under the figure gives the share of each group to the left of Boldman.
Money
Boldman reported $6,490 in the 2024 cycle, below the State Senate Democrats’ median of $16.2K. State filings report no small-donation total. 86% of itemized individual money came from Montana.
Campaign money from state campaign-finance filings, as aggregates only; the lab never shows an individual donor. Campaigns must report by name every person who gives them more than $200 in a cycle (“itemized”); smaller gifts are reported only as one total (“unitemized”), so donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations describe itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift total, so these figures add up itemized contributions only.
$6,490
itemized in the 2024 cycle
From 14 itemized donors. State Senate Democrats’ median $16.2K.
Where the money came from
Each square is one percent of itemized contributions in the 2024 cycle.
- Individuals (itemized)48 squares$3,140
- PACs and other committees36 squares$2,350
- Party committees16 squares$1,000
Show the data
| Source | Amount | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals (itemized) | $3,140 | 48.4% |
| PACs and other committees | $2,350 | 36.2% |
| Party committees | $1,000 | 15.4% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
Totals say how much a campaign took in, not how it was spent, and they rise sharply when a seat is up for election; compare cycles with that in mind.
Receipts by cycle
Itemized contributions, 2024 to 2024. The grey line is the State Senate Democrats’ median for 2024.
Show the data
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| 2024 cycle | $6,490 |
Top donor states, 2024
Itemized contributions by donor state. 86% came from Montana.
- Montana$2,690
- District of Columbia$450
Small donations
State filings report no total for small gifts.
Not reported in state filings.
Where itemized donors live
Individuals who gave more than $200, by donor state
Show the data
| State | Value |
|---|---|
| Montana | $2,690 |
| District of Columbia | $450 |
| Alaska | No data |
| Maine | No data |
| Vermont | No data |
| New Hampshire | No data |
| Washington | No data |
| Idaho | No data |
| North Dakota | No data |
| Minnesota | No data |
| Illinois | No data |
| Wisconsin | No data |
| Michigan | No data |
| New York | No data |
| Rhode Island | No data |
| Massachusetts | No data |
| Oregon | No data |
| Nevada | No data |
| Wyoming | No data |
| South Dakota | No data |
| Iowa | No data |
| Indiana | No data |
| Ohio | No data |
| Pennsylvania | No data |
| New Jersey | No data |
| Connecticut | No data |
| California | No data |
| Utah | No data |
| Colorado | No data |
| Nebraska | No data |
| Missouri | No data |
| Kentucky | No data |
| West Virginia | No data |
| Virginia | No data |
| Maryland | No data |
| Delaware | No data |
| Arizona | No data |
| New Mexico | No data |
| Kansas | No data |
| Arkansas | No data |
| Tennessee | No data |
| North Carolina | No data |
| South Carolina | No data |
| Oklahoma | No data |
| Louisiana | No data |
| Mississippi | No data |
| Alabama | No data |
| Georgia | No data |
| Hawaii | No data |
| Texas | No data |
| Florida | No data |
14
itemized donors
People who gave more than $200
86%
from Montana
Of itemized individual dollars
How to read the map
Every state the same size. Darker states gave more itemized money; hatched states had no itemized donors; the outlined state is Montana. Gifts of $200 or less carry no address and are left out.
Top donor occupations
Itemized, 2024 cycle.
- TOWN PUMP, INC.$1,000 4 donors
- BUSINESS OWNER$750 3 donors
Top committees
PAC and committee contributions, 2024 cycle.
- MISSOULA COUNTY COUNTY DEMOCRATS$1,000
- BROTHERHOOD OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS & TRAINMEN$675
- CHARTER COMMUNICATIONS OPERATING, LLC$450
- NORTHWESTERN ENERGY MONTANA EMPLOYEE PAC$400
- MTA HOSPITALITY PAC$300
Top employers
Itemized, 2024 cycle.
- CO-OWNER$1,000 4 donors
- TOWN PUMP$750 3 donors
Aggregates only. Individual donors are never named.
Votes
Boldman voted with the majority of Montana Senate Democrats on 91.5% of party-line votes and missed 0.6% of 2,812 roll calls. Montana Senate on average: 85% party unity, 98.9% attendance. Across all roll calls, Boldman voted against the majority of Montana Senate Democrats 118 times.
2,812 roll calls Boldman could vote on in the MT 2025–26 session, compared with Montana Senate. Attendance is the share with a vote recorded. Party unity counts only party-line roll calls, where most Democrats and most Republicans voted on opposite sides, and is the share of those where Boldman voted with the majority of Montana Senate Democrats. The count of votes against that majority covers every roll call where the majority took a side.
118
votes against the majority of Montana Senate Democrats
Party unity 91.5%, Montana Senate average 85%, ranks 30th of 50. 2,812 roll calls in the MT 2025–26 session.
Attendance and party unity
The thick bar is Boldman, the thin grey bar the Montana Senate average. The scale runs from 80% to 100% to show the gap.
80%100%
Boldman
Peers
Rank
Attendance
99.4%
98.9%
28th of 50
Party unity
91.5%
85%
30th of 50
Show the data
| Row | Boldman | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Attendance | 99.4% | 98.9% |
| Party unity | 91.5% | 85% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
A missed roll call has many causes, from illness to campaigning, so attendance says how often, not why. A vote against the majority can be on procedure as well as substance, and many fall on roll calls where both parties split; the key votes below show the ones that decided something.
Key votes
Roll calls the lab flags as key
No votes in this window met the key-vote rules.
How key votes are chosen
Automatically: a final-passage or override vote where the measure became law, the margin was under 10%, at least 10% of either party voted against its majority, or the bill was among the 25 most mentioned in officials’ own statements. Up to 25 per window, most recent first; five are shown. Bars show yea on the left, nay on the right, per party.
Votes most often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Boldman most often
- Sara NovakD2,786 shared votes95%
- Chris PopeD2,794 shared votes94%
- Pat FlowersD2,744 shared votes94%
- Willis CurdyD2,794 shared votes93%
- Shane MorigeauD2,704 shared votes93%
Votes least often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Boldman least often
- Daniel EmrichR2,774 shared votes51%
- Carl GlimmR2,783 shared votes54%
- Jeremy TrebasR2,787 shared votes56%
- Mark NolandR2,788 shared votes58%
- Becky BeardR2,788 shared votes59%
How to read the agreement lists
The share of roll calls both members voted on where they voted the same way, among colleagues sharing at least 50 such votes. High agreement with members of the other party is common on routine votes.
Full voting record
MT 2025–26 session, loads in batches
Legislation
No bills for the MT 2025–26 session.No sponsored or cosponsored bills are recorded for this official in this time window.
Online
A site that has not changed in 90 days. Boldman’s official site had 1 page when last crawled on Oct 1, 2026.
The lab crawls Boldman’s official and campaign websites (weekly for Congress, monthly for the states) and keeps every page’s text, so changes can be read later; it also records social accounts and describes the images Boldman posts with a vision model.
Websites
- 1
pages crawled
0changes in 90 days
How to read the counts
“Pages crawled” is the size of the site at the last crawl; “changes in 90 days” counts pages whose text differed from the previous crawl. Sites change for many routine reasons, such as new press releases, so a high count is not by itself notable.
Social accounts
Images Boldman posted
No images from Boldman’s posts have been described.
About the descriptions
Written by a vision model and may be wrong. Open the post to see the original. Five are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
State floor speeches
1 turn, Mar 5, 2025 to Mar 5, 2025
Floor speeches
Transcribed from chamber video or captions by the lab. They are not classified for kinds of statement.
Methods and sources
How this page was made. Profile built Oct 28, 2026; site last built Oct 28, 2026. Every number on the page is computed from the sources listed here, by the same rules for every official; nothing is written by hand.
The headline
The headline is the measure on which Boldman is most unusual among State Senate Democrats, chosen by one rule for every official of every party. The candidates are the rate of each kind of statement and of extreme labels, party unity, attendance, the small-donor share, the in-state share and total receipts of the latest cycle, the share of sponsored bills that got out of committee, talk-to-bills agreement, and the CSIP score’s place within the party group.
The builder ranks every measure within the same peer group the page compares it with, and writes each official’s percentile: the share of the group below the value, ties counting half, so 0.5 is the median and a value shared by many never ranks first. A measure’s score is how far that percentile sits from the median (0 in the middle, 0.5 at either end), and the highest score leads if it is above 0.25, outside the middle half of the group. Scores within 0.03 of each other are a tie, broken in this order: votes against the party majority, kinds of statement, ideology, roll calls missed, small donations, in-state money, legislation, agreement, extreme labels, receipts.
A measure counts only with at least 200 statements, 100 roll calls or 5 sponsored bills behind it and a peer group of at least 10. Two things never lead: high party unity or attendance, where most members sit, and a high rate of a kind of statement backed by fewer than 10 statements. When nothing qualifies, the headline is a neutral fact instead: statements classified, or years in office. The wording always names the direction (“in the bottom 5% of …”, “votes against the majority of …”).
Identifiers
- Profile id
- 4e6ad74d-1e72-4d2b-ac0d-557f429b3e9a
- Open States
- ocd-person/4e6ad74d-1e72-4d2b-ac0d-557f429b3e9a
Bulk files with the same data for every official:
Freshness of this profile’s data
- What politicians sayOct 27, 20261 days agoMembers of Congress: tweets since 2017; press releases, newsletters and floor speeches since 2022. State legislators: tweets since May 2024. Governors: tweets since January 2025. Labels from an LLM classifier.
- Roll calls (state)Oct 21, 20267 days agoOpen States floor roll calls, 2019 on (none for AK and MO).
- Bills (state)Oct 28, 2026todayOpen States bills and sponsors, 2019 on; stages from roll calls.
- Campaign money (state)no dateState campaign-finance agencies, 2019 on; aggregates only.
- Ideology (CSIP)Oct 25, 20263 days agoCommon-Space Ideal Points (CSIP), current validated run.
- WebsitesOct 25, 20263 days agoWeekly crawls of federal sites since April 2026; monthly state crawls since June 2026.
- State floor speechesOct 21, 20267 days agoState floor speech turns (published transcripts and captions), 2020 on; not LLM-classified.
How the measures work
- What politicians say
- Every post, press release, newsletter and congressional floor speech is read by a language model and marked for personal attacks, policy criticism, policy discussion, bipartisanship and credit claiming. A statement can be in several. Rates are shares of statements in the window. The methods paper.
- Extreme labels
- A statement has an extreme label when it calls a politician, party or policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who the label is aimed at.
- Policy areas and agreement
- Statements and bills share 25 Congressional Research Service policy areas (state bills are assigned by a language model). Agreement is 1 − Jensen–Shannon distance between the two distributions, shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
- Ideology (CSIP)
- Common-Space Ideal Points place federal and state officials on one left–right scale, estimated jointly from roll calls, campaign contributions and the text of statements, with standard errors. Only a validated run is shown. The methods paper.
- Campaign money
- Campaigns report by name only donors who give more than $200 in a cycle; smaller gifts are reported as one total. Federal totals and the small-donor share come from the FEC’s financial summaries of each campaign committee. Donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations cover itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift totals, so state figures are itemized only. The lab never publishes donor names.
- Votes and key votes
- Attendance, party unity and the count of votes against the majority of an official’s own party come from roll calls (Voteview for Congress, chamber records for the states). Key votes are final-passage or override votes that became law, were decided by under 10%, saw at least 10% of a party vote against its majority, or concerned one of the 25 bills most mentioned in officials’ statements.
- Peers and ranks
- Comparisons are with the same party, chamber and level (for example House Democrats); state legislators are compared within their state and chamber for votes. Every comparison names its group. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; tied values share the average of their ranks, and the percentile is the share of the group below the value, ties counting half.
America’s Political Pulse · Polarization Research Lab