Policy discussion
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Oct 24, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; credit claiming; Government Operations and Politics · Source
0.67
agreement between talk and bills (0 to 1), in the top quarter of State Senate Democrats
Agreement 0.67 on a 0–1 scale; the average for State Senate Democrats is 0.56. Ranks 26th of 228, where 1st is the closest match.
How closely the mix of policy areas in Lewis’s statements matches the mix in the bills Lewis sponsors and cosponsors: 1 means the same areas in the same proportions, 0 means no overlap. Ranked among State Senate Democrats.
At a glance
6 measures against State Senate Democrats. 61% of Lewis’s statements discuss policy, in the top quarter of State Senate Democrats (average 43%). 0.4% of the 221 bills Lewis sponsored got out of committee, in the bottom quarter of the Massachusetts Senate.
The measures on which Lewis sits furthest from the middle of State Senate Democrats, each against the same group, with the CSIP score when there is one. Every number is explained in its own section below.
Talk-to-bills agreement
0.67
State Senate Democrats average 0.56 · ranks 26th of 228
Policy discussion
61%
State Senate Democrats average 43% · ranks 52nd of 329
Out of committee
0.4%
Massachusetts Senate average 2.0% · ranks 32nd of 40
From Massachusetts, 2026
99%
Of itemized individual dollars · ranks 182nd of 714 State Senate Democrats
Credit claiming
22%
State Senate Democrats average 16% · ranks 92nd of 329
CSIP ideology
−0.58
Left of 0, the centre of the scale · ± 0.04
Peer group: State Senate Democrats. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; the thick bar is Lewis, the thin grey bar the peer average. The headline is the measure on which Lewis is most unusual among peers (Methods, §08).
What Lewis says
Lewis attacks opponents personally about as often as the median State Senate Democrat. Personal attacks in 0.3% of 1,040 statements, against 2.4% for the average State Senate Democrat; 157th of 329.
An AI model reads each of Lewis’s 1,040 statements in the MA 2025–26 session (1,040 posts on X) and marks the kinds of statement it contains: a personal attack, criticism of a policy, discussion of policy, bipartisanship, credit claiming, and extreme labels. A statement can carry several. Every rate is compared with the average for State Senate Democrats and ranked among them.
Kinds of statement
Share of statements carrying each label, the MA 2025–26 session
0%80%
Lewis
Peers
Rank
Policy discussion638 statements
61%
43%
52nd of 329
Credit claiming227 statements
22%
16%
92nd of 329
Policy criticism89 statements
9%
10%
156th of 329
Bipartisanship30 statements
3%
3%
147th of 329
Personal attacks3 statements
0%
2%
157th of 329
Show the data
| Row | Lewis | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Policy discussion | 61% | 43% |
| Credit claiming | 22% | 16% |
| Policy criticism | 9% | 10% |
| Bipartisanship | 3% | 3% |
| Personal attacks | 0% | 2% |
1,040
statements classified
1,040 posts on X.
Show the data
| Part | Value |
|---|---|
| posts on X | 1,040 |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is Lewis; the thin grey bar is the average State Senate Democrats. A longer thick bar means Lewis does this more than peers. Rank 1 is the highest rate in the group.
Extreme labels
Lewis used extreme labels in 0.1% of statements, 12% of the peer average. 1 statement, most often aimed at Trump; peers 0.8%.
Who gets the labels
Targets named alongside an extreme label, by number of statements
- Trump1
What an extreme label is
Calls a politician, a party or a policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who or what the label was aimed at. The lists show the five most used labels and targets; the toggle shows the rest.
Month by month
Share of statements per month, the MA 2025–26 session
Show the data
| Column | Statements | Personal attacks | Policy criticism | Policy discussion | Bipartisanship | Credit claiming | Extreme labels |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan ’25 | 54 | 0.0% | 11.1% | 50.0% | 5.6% | 25.9% | 0.0% |
| Feb ’25 | 52 | 0.0% | 11.5% | 61.5% | 3.9% | 23.1% | 0.0% |
| Mar ’25 | 53 | 0.0% | 11.3% | 41.5% | 3.8% | 17.0% | 0.0% |
| Apr ’25 | 51 | 2.0% | 7.8% | 52.9% | 3.9% | 15.7% | 0.0% |
| May ’25 | 52 | 0.0% | 5.8% | 63.5% | 3.9% | 23.1% | 0.0% |
| Jun ’25 | 64 | 1.6% | 9.4% | 71.9% | 3.1% | 17.2% | 0.0% |
| Jul ’25 | 53 | 0.0% | 9.4% | 81.1% | 7.5% | 28.3% | 0.0% |
| Aug ’25 | 26 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 30.8% | 7.7% | 23.1% | 0.0% |
| Sep ’25 | 54 | 0.0% | 22.2% | 61.1% | 0.0% | 11.1% | 0.0% |
| Oct ’25 | 57 | 0.0% | 19.3% | 59.7% | 7.0% | 17.5% | 0.0% |
| Nov ’25 | 51 | 0.0% | 9.8% | 60.8% | 0.0% | 17.6% | 0.0% |
| Dec ’25 | 31 | 0.0% | 19.4% | 61.3% | 6.5% | 16.1% | 3.2% |
| Jan ’26 | 46 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 71.7% | 4.3% | 23.9% | 0.0% |
| Feb ’26 | 47 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 46.8% | 2.1% | 23.4% | 0.0% |
| Mar ’26 | 40 | 0.0% | 5.0% | 60.0% | 2.5% | 17.5% | 0.0% |
| Apr ’26 | 47 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 72.3% | 0.0% | 31.9% | 0.0% |
| May ’26 | 63 | 1.6% | 11.1% | 61.9% | 1.6% | 22.2% | 0.0% |
| Jun ’26 | 39 | 0.0% | 2.6% | 64.1% | 0.0% | 20.5% | 0.0% |
| Jul ’26 | 55 | 0.0% | 7.3% | 63.6% | 0.0% | 21.8% | 0.0% |
| Aug ’26 | 39 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 69.2% | 0.0% | 30.8% | 0.0% |
| Sep ’26 | 34 | 0.0% | 2.9% | 64.7% | 0.0% | 38.2% | 0.0% |
| Oct ’26 | 32 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 68.8% | 0.0% | 21.9% | 0.0% |
How to read the strips
Each row is one kind of statement; each cell is a month, shaded against that row’s own peak (darker = closer to the peak), with the peak and the latest value written at the right. The top row counts statements. The strip covers every month of the MA 2025–26 session, the same span as the rates above, including months with no statements. A month with fewer than 10 statements is hatched, not shaded: one or two posts would swing its rate to 0% or 100%.
In Lewis’s words
Real statements from the classifier’s example set, with the labels it assigned
Personal attacks
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
May 5, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · personal attacks; policy discussion; Immigration; Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues; target: Trump · Source
Extreme label
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Dec 3, 2025 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; Immigration; Education; Health; Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues; extreme label “extreme” aimed at Trump · Source
Examples by category
Up to five recent statements in each category
Overtly questions a named person’s character, integrity or loyalty, or calls them names. Criticising a record or a policy does not count.
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · policy discussion · Immigration · Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues · target: TrumpSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · policy discussion · Immigration · target: PresidentSource
Posts on X (state legislators)
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
personal attacks · policy discussion · Immigration · target: PresidentSource
All 1,040 statements
Newest first, the MA 2025–26 session
The full feed
Five statements at a time, newest first; filters apply to the statements loaded so far. Export saves the statements that match. Sources: 1,040 posts on X.
Policy
Education is what Lewis talks about most: 37% of policy statements, 2.5 times the peer share. Talk and legislation agree at 0.67 on a 0–1 scale (State Senate Democrats average 0.56; 26th of 228).
Each policy statement is tagged by the AI model with one or more of 25 policy areas from the Congressional Research Service list, so the shares say what Lewis talks about. The bills Lewis sponsors and cosponsors carry the same areas, so the two can be compared.
What Lewis talks about
Share of policy statements by area, the MA 2025–26 session
0%41%
Lewis
Peers
Education235 statements
37%
15%
Health136 statements
21%
17%
Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues86 statements
14%
8%
Economics and Public Finance62 statements
10%
10%
Immigration59 statements
9%
4%
Show the data
| Row | Lewis | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Education | 37% | 15% |
| Health | 21% | 17% |
| Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues | 14% | 8% |
| Economics and Public Finance | 10% | 10% |
| Immigration | 9% | 4% |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is the share of Lewis’s policy statements in an area; the thin grey bar is the average share for State Senate Democrats. A statement counts once in each of its areas, so shares can add to more than 100%. The five largest areas are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
Talks about · legislates on
Left: share of statements by policy area. Right: share of bills. Areas in order of their share of statements; both sides run from 0 to 41%. Grey ticks are the State Senate Democrats averages.
Show the data
| Area | Talks about | State Senate Democrats, talks about | Legislates on | State Senate Democrats, legislates on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | 37% | 15% | 10% | 9% |
| Health | 21% | 17% | 20% | 15% |
| Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues | 14% | 8% | 5% | 5% |
| Economics and Public Finance | 10% | 10% | 2% | 3% |
| Immigration | 9% | 4% | 1% | 1% |
0.67
talk-to-bills agreement, 0 to 1
State Senate Democrats average 0.56. Ranks 26th of 228.
What agreement means, and what it doesn’t
Agreement is 1 minus the distance between the two distributions (Jensen–Shannon): 1 means Lewis legislates on exactly the areas Lewis talks about, in the same proportions; 0 means no overlap. It does not say whether the bills match the positions in the statements, only the subjects. Bills Lewis sponsored count fully, cosponsored bills a quarter. Shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Ideology
Lewis sits at −0.58 on the CSIP scale, left of 0, more conservative than 61% of State Senate Democrats. Approximate range −0.62 to −0.54, which understates the uncertainty; from 835 donors and no roll calls.
CSIP, the lab’s Common-Space Ideal Point, places every official, federal and state, on one left–right scale, estimated from roll-call votes, who gives money to whom, and the text of statements. Negative is left of 0, positive right of it; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of “moderate”.
−0.58
CSIP ideal point
Approximate range −0.62 to −0.54. From 835 donors and no roll calls. Run 2026-10-25T215945. Blue is left of 0, red right of 0.
The outlined dot is Lewis, coloured by its side of 0 (blue left, red right, deeper further out); the bar through it is the approximate range (±1.96 standard errors), which understates the uncertainty; the grey ticks below are the medians of Lewis’s groups. 0 is the centre of the scale, not “moderate” by definition.
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score summarises how an official votes, who funds them and how they talk, relative to everyone else. It does not grade positions as good or bad, and two officials with the same score can differ on any single issue. The ± range is 1.96 standard errors, which understates the uncertainty: scores whose ranges overlap may not differ at all, and even scores whose ranges do not overlap may not differ.
Where Lewis sits
Every official in each group, on the CSIP scale
State Senate Democrats825 · median −0.7
Massachusetts Senate39 · median −0.7
All State Senate1,909 · median +0.1
Show the data
| Group | Officials | Median | Share left of Lewis |
|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate Democrats | 825 | −0.7 | 61% |
| Massachusetts Senate | 39 | −0.7 | 59% |
| All State Senate | 1909 | +0.1 | 26% |
How to read the strips
Every small dot is one official on the same scale, coloured by its own score (blue left of 0, red right of 0, grey at 0, deeper further out) and spread up and down only to keep dots apart; where a group is crowded the dots overlap, and darker patches mean more officials. The large outlined dot is Lewis in every row; the rule is each group’s median. The table under the figure gives the share of each group to the left of Lewis.
Money
Lewis reported $23.3K in the 2026 cycle, below the State Senate Democrats’ median of $55.5K. State filings report no small-donation total. 99% of itemized individual money came from Massachusetts.
Campaign money from state campaign-finance filings, as aggregates only; the lab never shows an individual donor. Campaigns must report by name every person who gives them more than $200 in a cycle (“itemized”); smaller gifts are reported only as one total (“unitemized”), so donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations describe itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift total, so these figures add up itemized contributions only.
$23.3K
itemized in the 2026 cycle
From 142 itemized donors. State Senate Democrats’ median $55.5K.
Where the money came from
Each square is one percent of itemized contributions in the 2026 cycle.
- Individuals (itemized)83 squares$19.4K
- PACs and other committees17 squares$3,900
Show the data
| Source | Amount | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals (itemized) | $19.4K | 83.3% |
| PACs and other committees | $3,900 | 16.7% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
Totals say how much a campaign took in, not how it was spent, and they rise sharply when a seat is up for election; compare cycles with that in mind.
Receipts by cycle
Itemized contributions, 2020 to 2026. The grey line is the State Senate Democrats’ median for 2026.
Show the data
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| 2020 cycle | $85.9K |
| 2022 cycle | $111.9K |
| 2024 cycle | $47.0K |
| 2026 cycle | $23.3K |
Top donor states, 2026
Itemized contributions by donor state. 99% came from Massachusetts.
- Massachusetts$19.2K
- New Hampshire$250
Small donations
State filings report no total for small gifts.
Not reported in state filings.
Where itemized donors live
Individuals who gave more than $200, by donor state
Show the data
| State | Value |
|---|---|
| Massachusetts | $19.2K |
| New Hampshire | $250 |
| Alaska | No data |
| Maine | No data |
| Vermont | No data |
| Washington | No data |
| Idaho | No data |
| Montana | No data |
| North Dakota | No data |
| Minnesota | No data |
| Illinois | No data |
| Wisconsin | No data |
| Michigan | No data |
| New York | No data |
| Rhode Island | No data |
| Oregon | No data |
| Nevada | No data |
| Wyoming | No data |
| South Dakota | No data |
| Iowa | No data |
| Indiana | No data |
| Ohio | No data |
| Pennsylvania | No data |
| New Jersey | No data |
| Connecticut | No data |
| California | No data |
| Utah | No data |
| Colorado | No data |
| Nebraska | No data |
| Missouri | No data |
| Kentucky | No data |
| West Virginia | No data |
| Virginia | No data |
| Maryland | No data |
| Delaware | No data |
| Arizona | No data |
| New Mexico | No data |
| Kansas | No data |
| Arkansas | No data |
| Tennessee | No data |
| North Carolina | No data |
| South Carolina | No data |
| District of Columbia | No data |
| Oklahoma | No data |
| Louisiana | No data |
| Mississippi | No data |
| Alabama | No data |
| Georgia | No data |
| Hawaii | No data |
| Texas | No data |
| Florida | No data |
142
itemized donors
People who gave more than $200
99%
from Massachusetts
Of itemized individual dollars
How to read the map
Every state the same size. Darker states gave more itemized money; hatched states had no itemized donors; the outlined state is Massachusetts. Gifts of $200 or less carry no address and are left out.
Top donor occupations
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
- NOT EMPLOYED$3,325 23 donors
- RETIRED$2,495 30 donors
- LOBBYIST$1,800 8 donors
- ATTORNEY$1,050 7 donors
- PRESIDENT$950 5 donors
Top committees
PAC and committee contributions, 2026 cycle.
- 1199 SEIU MA PAC$500
- BOSTON TEACHERS UNION PAC$500
- MA & NORTHERN NE LABORERS' DISTRICT COUNCIL POL ACTION COMM$500
- MASSACHUSETTS DENTAL SOCIETY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE$500
- MA ASSOC. OF REALTORS POL ACTION COMM. - MA RPAC$400
Top employers
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
No employers reported.
Aggregates only. Individual donors are never named.
Votes
No roll-call votes for the MA 2025–26 session.No roll-call votes are recorded for this official in this time window.
Legislation
Lewis sponsored 221 bills in the MA 2025–26 session; 1 became law. Cosponsored 380 others. 0.4% of sponsored bills got out of committee (Massachusetts Senate average 2.0%; 32nd of 40).
The bills Lewis sponsored and cosponsored in the MA 2025–26 session, from the official bill records, and how far each got: introduced, referred to or acted on in committee, passed one chamber, passed both, became law. A bill counts at every stage it has reached, so the blocks only shrink to the right.
Bills by stage
Counts for the MA 2025–26 session
Show the data
| Role | Introduced | In committee | Passed one chamber | Passed both chambers | Became law |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponsored | 221 | 220 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cosponsored | 380 | 370 | 23 | 14 | 10 |
How to read the blocks
Ink blocks are bills Lewis sponsored, ochre blocks bills Lewis cosponsored; the figure above each block is the count. Most bills in any legislature never leave committee, so a short staircase is the norm.
0.4%
of sponsored bills got out of committee
Massachusetts Senate average 2.0%. Ranks 32nd of 40.
Cosponsorship partners
Colleagues who most often cosponsor with Lewis, by number of shared bills in the MA 2025–26 session; the square shows their party.
- Jamie Eldridge230
- Jo Comerford197
- Sal DiDomenico150
- John Keenan129
- Pat Jehlen116
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score is the share of sponsored bills that a committee reported out or a chamber passed, with at least 5 sponsored bills, ranked within the peer group. Members of the majority party and committee chairs move more bills, so the rank reflects position in the chamber as well as effort. Cosponsorship partners are the five colleagues who share the most of Lewis’s bills; the toggle shows more.
Bill list
Sponsored and cosponsored, with status and policy area; five are shown, the toggle shows the rest
| S 2934 | Education Extension Order | Sponsor | Jan 29, 2026 | In committee | Unassigned | Adopted Jul 2, 2026 |
| S 2808 | Amendment S.2808 | Sponsor | Dec 8, 2025 | Introduced | Government Operations and Politics(model) | See H4233 Dec 8, 2025 |
| S 2770 | Education - Extension Order | Sponsor | Dec 4, 2025 | In committee | Unassigned | Adopted Jan 15, 2026 |
| S 2769 | Education - Extension Order | Sponsor | Dec 4, 2025 | In committee | Unassigned | Adopted Jul 2, 2026 |
| S 2771 | Education - Extension Order | Sponsor | Dec 4, 2025 | In committee | Unassigned | Adopted, as amended Apr 15, 2026 |
Online
A site that changed 1 time in 90 days. Lewis’s official site had 1 page when last crawled on Oct 1, 2026.
The lab crawls Lewis’s official and campaign websites (weekly for Congress, monthly for the states) and keeps every page’s text, so changes can be read later; it also records social accounts and describes the images Lewis posts with a vision model.
Websites
- 1
pages crawled
1changes in 90 days
- 1
pages crawled
0changes in 90 days
How to read the counts
“Pages crawled” is the size of the site at the last crawl; “changes in 90 days” counts pages whose text differed from the previous crawl. Sites change for many routine reasons, such as new press releases, so a high count is not by itself notable.
Social accounts
Images Lewis posted
No images from Lewis’s posts have been described.
About the descriptions
Written by a vision model and may be wrong. Open the post to see the original. Five are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
State floor speeches
No transcribed state floor speeches are matched to this legislator yet.
Floor speeches
Transcribed from chamber video or captions by the lab. They are not classified for kinds of statement.
Methods and sources
How this page was made. Profile built Oct 28, 2026; site last built Oct 28, 2026. Every number on the page is computed from the sources listed here, by the same rules for every official; nothing is written by hand.
The headline
The headline is the measure on which Lewis is most unusual among State Senate Democrats, chosen by one rule for every official of every party. The candidates are the rate of each kind of statement and of extreme labels, party unity, attendance, the small-donor share, the in-state share and total receipts of the latest cycle, the share of sponsored bills that got out of committee, talk-to-bills agreement, and the CSIP score’s place within the party group.
The builder ranks every measure within the same peer group the page compares it with, and writes each official’s percentile: the share of the group below the value, ties counting half, so 0.5 is the median and a value shared by many never ranks first. A measure’s score is how far that percentile sits from the median (0 in the middle, 0.5 at either end), and the highest score leads if it is above 0.25, outside the middle half of the group. Scores within 0.03 of each other are a tie, broken in this order: votes against the party majority, kinds of statement, ideology, roll calls missed, small donations, in-state money, legislation, agreement, extreme labels, receipts.
A measure counts only with at least 200 statements, 100 roll calls or 5 sponsored bills behind it and a peer group of at least 10. Two things never lead: high party unity or attendance, where most members sit, and a high rate of a kind of statement backed by fewer than 10 statements. When nothing qualifies, the headline is a neutral fact instead: statements classified, or years in office. The wording always names the direction (“in the bottom 5% of …”, “votes against the majority of …”).
Identifiers
- Profile id
- 92a770ae-a348-4f86-92ad-c4a8ebc568f6
- Open States
- ocd-person/92a770ae-a348-4f86-92ad-c4a8ebc568f6
Bulk files with the same data for every official:
Freshness of this profile’s data
- What politicians sayOct 27, 20261 days agoMembers of Congress: tweets since 2017; press releases, newsletters and floor speeches since 2022. State legislators: tweets since May 2024. Governors: tweets since January 2025. Labels from an LLM classifier.
- Roll calls (state)Oct 21, 20267 days agoOpen States floor roll calls, 2019 on (none for AK and MO).
- Bills (state)Oct 28, 2026todayOpen States bills and sponsors, 2019 on; stages from roll calls.
- Campaign money (state)no dateState campaign-finance agencies, 2019 on; aggregates only.
- Ideology (CSIP)Oct 25, 20263 days agoCommon-Space Ideal Points (CSIP), current validated run.
- WebsitesOct 25, 20263 days agoWeekly crawls of federal sites since April 2026; monthly state crawls since June 2026.
- State floor speechesOct 21, 20267 days agoState floor speech turns (published transcripts and captions), 2020 on; not LLM-classified.
How the measures work
- What politicians say
- Every post, press release, newsletter and congressional floor speech is read by a language model and marked for personal attacks, policy criticism, policy discussion, bipartisanship and credit claiming. A statement can be in several. Rates are shares of statements in the window. The methods paper.
- Extreme labels
- A statement has an extreme label when it calls a politician, party or policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who the label is aimed at.
- Policy areas and agreement
- Statements and bills share 25 Congressional Research Service policy areas (state bills are assigned by a language model). Agreement is 1 − Jensen–Shannon distance between the two distributions, shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
- Ideology (CSIP)
- Common-Space Ideal Points place federal and state officials on one left–right scale, estimated jointly from roll calls, campaign contributions and the text of statements, with standard errors. Only a validated run is shown. The methods paper.
- Campaign money
- Campaigns report by name only donors who give more than $200 in a cycle; smaller gifts are reported as one total. Federal totals and the small-donor share come from the FEC’s financial summaries of each campaign committee. Donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations cover itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift totals, so state figures are itemized only. The lab never publishes donor names.
- Votes and key votes
- Attendance, party unity and the count of votes against the majority of an official’s own party come from roll calls (Voteview for Congress, chamber records for the states). Key votes are final-passage or override votes that became law, were decided by under 10%, saw at least 10% of a party vote against its majority, or concerned one of the 25 bills most mentioned in officials’ statements.
- Peers and ranks
- Comparisons are with the same party, chamber and level (for example House Democrats); state legislators are compared within their state and chamber for votes. Every comparison names its group. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; tied values share the average of their ranks, and the percentile is the share of the group below the value, ties counting half.
America’s Political Pulse · Polarization Research Lab