Policy discussion
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Sep 1, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; Labor and Employment; Commerce · Source
92%
of State Senate Democrats score to the right of Pazina on the CSIP scale
CSIP score −1.06 (approximate range −1.12 to −1.01, which understates the uncertainty); negative is left of the scale’s centre, positive right. From 4,214 donors and 476 roll calls.
CSIP places every official on one left–right scale estimated from roll-call votes, campaign donations and the text of statements; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of moderate. The share says where Pazina sits among State Senate Democrats, not how far from the centre.
At a glance
6 measures against State Senate Democrats. 48% of Pazina’s itemized money in the 2026 cycle came from Nevada, in the bottom tenth of State Senate Democrats. Pazina reported $329.1K in the 2026 cycle, in the top quarter of State Senate Democrats (median $55.5K).
The measures on which Pazina sits furthest from the middle of State Senate Democrats, each against the same group, with the CSIP score when there is one. Every number is explained in its own section below.
CSIP ideology
−1.06
More liberal than 92% of State Senate Democrats · ± 0.05
From Nevada, 2026
48%
Of itemized individual dollars · ranks 667th of 714 State Senate Democrats
Party unity
100%
Nevada Senate average 94.6% · ranks 2nd of 21 · 0 votes against the majority of Nevada Senate Democrats
Itemized, 2026
$329.1K
State Senate Democrats’ median $55.5K · ranks 93rd of 746
Out of committee
84%
Nevada Senate average 57% · ranks 5th of 21
Attendance
98.1%
Nevada Senate average 98.3% · ranks 15th of 21 · 687 roll calls
Peer group: State Senate Democrats. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; the thick bar is Pazina, the thin grey bar the peer average. The headline is the measure on which Pazina is most unusual among peers (Methods, §08).
What Pazina says
Pazina criticizes policies less than 91% of State Senate Democrats. Policy criticism in 0% of 36 statements, against 10% for the average State Senate Democrat; 304th of 329.
An AI model reads each of Pazina’s 36 statements in the NV 2025–26 session (36 posts on X) and marks the kinds of statement it contains: a personal attack, criticism of a policy, discussion of policy, bipartisanship, credit claiming, and extreme labels. A statement can carry several. Every rate is compared with the average for State Senate Democrats and ranked among them.
Kinds of statement
Share of statements carrying each label, the NV 2025–26 session
0%80%
Pazina
Peers
Rank
Policy discussion27 statements
75%
43%
10th of 329
Credit claiming19 statements
53%
16%
3rd of 329
Bipartisanship3 statements
8%
3%
27th of 329
Personal attacks0 statements
0%
2%
248th of 329
Policy criticism0 statements
0%
10%
304th of 329
Show the data
| Row | Pazina | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Policy discussion | 75% | 43% |
| Credit claiming | 53% | 16% |
| Bipartisanship | 8% | 3% |
| Personal attacks | 0% | 2% |
| Policy criticism | 0% | 10% |
36
statements classified
36 posts on X.
Show the data
| Part | Value |
|---|---|
| posts on X | 36 |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is Pazina; the thin grey bar is the average State Senate Democrats. A longer thick bar means Pazina does this more than peers. Rank 1 is the highest rate in the group.
Extreme labels
Pazina used no extreme labels in 36 statements. The peer average is 0.8%.
No extreme labels in this window.
Who gets the labels
Targets named alongside an extreme label, by number of statements
No targets recorded.
What an extreme label is
Calls a politician, a party or a policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who or what the label was aimed at. The lists show the five most used labels and targets; the toggle shows the rest.
Month by month
Share of statements per month, the NV 2025–26 session
No month in this window has 10 or more statements, too few to chart month by month.
How to read the strips
Each row is one kind of statement; each cell is a month, shaded against that row’s own peak (darker = closer to the peak), with the peak and the latest value written at the right. The top row counts statements. The strip covers every month of the NV 2025–26 session, the same span as the rates above, including months with no statements. A month with fewer than 10 statements is hatched, not shaded: one or two posts would swing its rate to 0% or 100%. 22 months are hatched here; 5 of them have no statements.
In Pazina’s words
Real statements from the classifier’s example set, with the labels it assigned
Bipartisanship
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
Jul 27, 2025 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; bipartisanship; credit claiming; Crime and Law Enforcement; Commerce; Health · Source
Credit claiming
The text of this post is on X; follow the source link to read it.
May 28, 2026 · Posts on X (state legislators) · policy discussion; credit claiming; Labor and Employment · Source
Examples by category
Up to five recent statements in each category
Overtly questions a named person’s character, integrity or loyalty, or calls them names. Criticising a record or a policy does not count.
No statements in this category in this window.
All 36 statements
Newest first, the NV 2025–26 session
The full feed
Five statements at a time, newest first; filters apply to the statements loaded so far. Export saves the statements that match. Sources: 36 posts on X.
Policy
Labor and Employment is what Pazina talks about most: 37% of policy statements, 6.3 times the peer share. Talk and legislation agree at 0.54 on a 0–1 scale (State Senate Democrats average 0.56; 144th of 228).
Each policy statement is tagged by the AI model with one or more of 25 policy areas from the Congressional Research Service list, so the shares say what Pazina talks about. The bills Pazina sponsors and cosponsors carry the same areas, so the two can be compared.
What Pazina talks about
Share of policy statements by area, the NV 2025–26 session
0%41%
Pazina
Peers
Labor and Employment10 statements
37%
6%
Health9 statements
33%
17%
Education6 statements
22%
15%
Commerce3 statements
11%
4%
Crime and Law Enforcement3 statements
11%
8%
Show the data
| Row | Pazina | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Labor and Employment | 37% | 6% |
| Health | 33% | 17% |
| Education | 22% | 15% |
| Commerce | 11% | 4% |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 11% | 8% |
How to read the bars
The thick bar is the share of Pazina’s policy statements in an area; the thin grey bar is the average share for State Senate Democrats. A statement counts once in each of its areas, so shares can add to more than 100%. The five largest areas are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
Talks about · legislates on
Left: share of statements by policy area. Right: share of bills. Areas in order of their share of statements; both sides run from 0 to 41%. Grey ticks are the State Senate Democrats averages.
Show the data
| Area | Talks about | State Senate Democrats, talks about | Legislates on | State Senate Democrats, legislates on |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labor and Employment | 37% | 6% | 2% | 6% |
| Health | 33% | 17% | 35% | 15% |
| Education | 22% | 15% | 15% | 9% |
| Commerce | 11% | 4% | 10% | 4% |
| Crime and Law Enforcement | 11% | 8% | 13% | 9% |
0.54
talk-to-bills agreement, 0 to 1
State Senate Democrats average 0.56. Ranks 144th of 228.
What agreement means, and what it doesn’t
Agreement is 1 minus the distance between the two distributions (Jensen–Shannon): 1 means Pazina legislates on exactly the areas Pazina talks about, in the same proportions; 0 means no overlap. It does not say whether the bills match the positions in the statements, only the subjects. Bills Pazina sponsored count fully, cosponsored bills a quarter. Shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Ideology
Pazina sits at −1.06 on the CSIP scale, left of 0, more liberal than 92% of State Senate Democrats. Approximate range −1.12 to −1.01, which understates the uncertainty; from 4,214 donors and 476 roll calls.
CSIP, the lab’s Common-Space Ideal Point, places every official, federal and state, on one left–right scale, estimated from roll-call votes, who gives money to whom, and the text of statements. Negative is left of 0, positive right of it; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of “moderate”.
−1.06
CSIP ideal point
Approximate range −1.12 to −1.01. From 4,214 donors and 476 roll calls. Run 2026-10-25T215945. Blue is left of 0, red right of 0.
The outlined dot is Pazina, coloured by its side of 0 (blue left, red right, deeper further out); the bar through it is the approximate range (±1.96 standard errors), which understates the uncertainty; the grey ticks below are the medians of Pazina’s groups. 0 is the centre of the scale, not “moderate” by definition.
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score summarises how an official votes, who funds them and how they talk, relative to everyone else. It does not grade positions as good or bad, and two officials with the same score can differ on any single issue. The ± range is 1.96 standard errors, which understates the uncertainty: scores whose ranges overlap may not differ at all, and even scores whose ranges do not overlap may not differ.
Where Pazina sits
Every official in each group, on the CSIP scale
State Senate Democrats825 · median −0.7
Nevada Senate21 · median −0.6
All State Senate1,909 · median +0.1
Show the data
| Group | Officials | Median | Share left of Pazina |
|---|---|---|---|
| State Senate Democrats | 825 | −0.7 | 8% |
| Nevada Senate | 21 | −0.6 | 5% |
| All State Senate | 1909 | +0.1 | 3% |
How to read the strips
Every small dot is one official on the same scale, coloured by its own score (blue left of 0, red right of 0, grey at 0, deeper further out) and spread up and down only to keep dots apart; where a group is crowded the dots overlap, and darker patches mean more officials. The large outlined dot is Pazina in every row; the rule is each group’s median. The table under the figure gives the share of each group to the left of Pazina.
Money
Pazina reported $329.1K in the 2026 cycle, 5.9 times the State Senate Democrats’ median of $55.5K. State filings report no small-donation total. 48% of itemized individual money came from Nevada.
Campaign money from state campaign-finance filings, as aggregates only; the lab never shows an individual donor. Campaigns must report by name every person who gives them more than $200 in a cycle (“itemized”); smaller gifts are reported only as one total (“unitemized”), so donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations describe itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift total, so these figures add up itemized contributions only.
$329.1K
itemized in the 2026 cycle
From 2,159 itemized donors. State Senate Democrats’ median $55.5K.
Where the money came from
Each square is one percent of itemized contributions in the 2026 cycle.
- Individuals (itemized)32 squares$106.0K
- PACs and other committees68 squares$223.0K
Show the data
| Source | Amount | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals (itemized) | $106.0K | 32.2% |
| PACs and other committees | $223.0K | 67.8% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
Totals say how much a campaign took in, not how it was spent, and they rise sharply when a seat is up for election; compare cycles with that in mind.
Receipts by cycle
Itemized contributions, 2022 to 2026. The grey line is the State Senate Democrats’ median for 2026.
Show the data
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| 2022 cycle | $323.5K |
| 2024 cycle | $35.7K |
| 2026 cycle | $329.1K |
Top donor states, 2026
Itemized contributions by donor state. 48% came from Nevada.
- Nevada$50.6K
- California$24.7K
- New York$5,379
- Oregon$5,327
- Massachusetts$4,523
Small donations
State filings report no total for small gifts.
Not reported in state filings.
Where itemized donors live
Individuals who gave more than $200, by donor state
Show the data
| State | Value |
|---|---|
| Nevada | $50.6K |
| California | $24.7K |
| New York | $5,379 |
| Oregon | $5,327 |
| Massachusetts | $4,523 |
| Washington | $2,112 |
| Connecticut | $1,925 |
| Illinois | $1,166 |
| New Jersey | $1,091 |
| Georgia | $1,071 |
| Florida | $944 |
| Virginia | $824 |
| Texas | $633 |
| Arizona | $575 |
| Kansas | $545 |
| Maryland | $418 |
| North Carolina | $386 |
| Minnesota | $360 |
| South Carolina | $332 |
| Pennsylvania | $322 |
| Michigan | $313 |
| Ohio | $290 |
| Colorado | $227 |
| New Mexico | $195 |
| Tennessee | $192 |
| Utah | $161 |
| Idaho | $155 |
| Maine | $130 |
| Wisconsin | $120 |
| District of Columbia | $109 |
| Missouri | $106 |
| Montana | $102 |
| Hawaii | $101 |
| Oklahoma | $75 |
| Vermont | $66 |
| Alaska | $54 |
| Indiana | $45 |
| Louisiana | $45 |
| New Hampshire | $44 |
| Rhode Island | $35 |
| West Virginia | $32 |
| Alabama | $31 |
| Iowa | $30 |
| Arkansas | $28 |
| Delaware | $26 |
| Wyoming | $19 |
| Kentucky | $16 |
| Nebraska | $12 |
| North Dakota | $5 |
| Mississippi | $2 |
| South Dakota | No data |
2,159
itemized donors
People who gave more than $200
48%
from Nevada
Of itemized individual dollars
How to read the map
Every state the same size. Darker states gave more itemized money; hatched states had no itemized donors; the outlined state is Nevada. Gifts of $200 or less carry no address and are left out.
Top donor occupations
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
No occupations reported.
Top committees
PAC and committee contributions, 2026 cycle.
- AFSCME$10.0K
- CAMPAIGN TO ELECT ROCHELLE NGUYEN$10.0K
- COMMITTEE TO ELECT JAMES OHRENSCHALL$10.0K
- COMMITTEE TO ELECT ROBERTA LANGE$10.0K
- DALY FOR SENATE DISTRICT 13$10.0K
Top employers
Itemized, 2026 cycle.
No employers reported.
Aggregates only. Individual donors are never named.
Votes
Pazina voted with the majority of Nevada Senate Democrats on 100% of party-line votes and missed 1.9% of 687 roll calls. Nevada Senate on average: 94.6% party unity, 98.3% attendance. Across all roll calls, Pazina never voted against the majority of Nevada Senate Democrats.
687 roll calls Pazina could vote on in the NV 2025–26 session, compared with Nevada Senate. Attendance is the share with a vote recorded. Party unity counts only party-line roll calls, where most Democrats and most Republicans voted on opposite sides, and is the share of those where Pazina voted with the majority of Nevada Senate Democrats. The count of votes against that majority covers every roll call where the majority took a side.
0
votes against the majority of Nevada Senate Democrats
Party unity 100%, Nevada Senate average 94.6%, ranks 2nd of 21. 687 roll calls in the NV 2025–26 session.
Attendance and party unity
The thick bar is Pazina, the thin grey bar the Nevada Senate average. The scale runs from 80% to 100% to show the gap.
80%100%
Pazina
Peers
Rank
Attendance
98.1%
98.3%
15th of 21
Party unity
100%
94.6%
2nd of 21
Show the data
| Row | Pazina | Peers |
|---|---|---|
| Attendance | 98.1% | 98.3% |
| Party unity | 100% | 94.6% |
What this means, and what it doesn’t
A missed roll call has many causes, from illness to campaigning, so attendance says how often, not why. A vote against the majority can be on procedure as well as substance, and many fall on roll calls where both parties split; the key votes below show the ones that decided something.
Key votes
25 roll calls the lab flagged as key in the NV 2025–26 session
| Party split (yea–nay) | Why it’s key | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nov 19, 2025 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 13–0 · R 5–0Democrats 13 yea, 0 nay; Republicans 5 yea, 0 nay | much discussed | |
| Nov 19, 2025 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 11–2 · R 5–0Democrats 11 yea, 2 nay; Republicans 5 yea, 0 nay | became law · party crossover | |
| Nov 19, 2025 | AB 5 Enacts the Nevada Studio Infrastructure Jobs and Workforce Training Act. (BDR S-13) Senate (2nd Reprint) | Yea | With majority | pass | D 8–5 · R 2–3Democrats 8 yea, 5 nay; Republicans 2 yea, 3 nay | party crossover |
| Nov 18, 2025 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 13–0 · R 5–0Democrats 13 yea, 0 nay; Republicans 5 yea, 0 nay | became law | |
| Nov 18, 2025 | Yea | With majority | pass | D 11–2 · R 5–0Democrats 11 yea, 2 nay; Republicans 5 yea, 0 nay | became law · party crossover |
How key votes are chosen
Automatically: a final-passage or override vote where the measure became law, the margin was under 10%, at least 10% of either party voted against its majority, or the bill was among the 25 most mentioned in officials’ own statements. Up to 25 per window, most recent first; five are shown. Bars show yea on the left, nay on the right, per party.
Votes most often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Pazina most often
- Nicole CannizzaroD672 shared votes100%
- Fabian DoñateD674 shared votes100%
- Marilyn Dondero LoopD674 shared votes100%
- Roberta LangeD674 shared votes100%
- Shelly CrawfordD655 shared votes100%
Votes least often with
The colleagues who voted the same way as Pazina least often
- Robin TitusR668 shared votes68%
- John EllisonR668 shared votes73%
- Carrie BuckR654 shared votes73%
- Lisa KrasnerR674 shared votes74%
- Jeff StoneR667 shared votes76%
How to read the agreement lists
The share of roll calls both members voted on where they voted the same way, among colleagues sharing at least 50 such votes. High agreement with members of the other party is common on routine votes.
Full voting record
NV 2025–26 session, loads in batches
Legislation
Pazina sponsored 25 bills in the NV 2025–26 session; 17 became law. Cosponsored 31 others. 84% of sponsored bills got out of committee (Nevada Senate average 57%; 5th of 21).
The bills Pazina sponsored and cosponsored in the NV 2025–26 session, from the official bill records, and how far each got: introduced, referred to or acted on in committee, passed one chamber, passed both, became law. A bill counts at every stage it has reached, so the blocks only shrink to the right.
Bills by stage
Counts for the NV 2025–26 session
Show the data
| Role | Introduced | In committee | Passed one chamber | Passed both chambers | Became law |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponsored | 25 | 25 | 21 | 20 | 17 |
| Cosponsored | 31 | 31 | 26 | 18 | 15 |
How to read the blocks
Ink blocks are bills Pazina sponsored, ochre blocks bills Pazina cosponsored; the figure above each block is the count. Most bills in any legislature never leave committee, so a short staircase is the norm.
84%
of sponsored bills got out of committee
Nevada Senate average 57%. Ranks 5th of 21.
Cosponsorship partners
Colleagues who most often cosponsor with Pazina, by number of shared bills in the NV 2025–26 session; the square shows their party.
- James Ohrenschall28
- Rochelle Nguyen28
- Shelly Crawford27
- Melanie Scheible27
- Fabian Doñate26
What this means, and what it doesn’t
The score is the share of sponsored bills that a committee reported out or a chamber passed, with at least 5 sponsored bills, ranked within the peer group. Members of the majority party and committee chairs move more bills, so the rank reflects position in the chamber as well as effort. Cosponsorship partners are the five colleagues who share the most of Pazina’s bills; the toggle shows more.
Bill list
Sponsored and cosponsored, with status and policy area; five are shown, the toggle shows the rest
| SR 6 | Inducts Joyce Woodhouse into the Senate Hall of Fame. (BDR R-1168) | Cosponsor | May 7, 2025 | Passed one chamber | Unassigned | Enrolled and delivered to Secretary of State. File No. 15. May 12, 2025 |
| SR 5 | Inducts Pete Goicoechea into the Senate Hall of Fame. (BDR R-1169) | Cosponsor | May 7, 2025 | Passed one chamber | Unassigned | Enrolled and delivered to Secretary of State. File No. 14. May 12, 2025 |
| SB 460 | Revises provisions relating to education. (BDR 34-16) | Sponsor | Apr 29, 2025 | Became law | Education(model) | Chapter 506. Jun 11, 2025 |
| ACR 3 | Expresses gratitude to the National Conference of State Legislatures for 50 years of service. (BDR R-986) | Cosponsor | Mar 25, 2025 | Passed one chamber | Unassigned | Enrolled and delivered to Secretary of State. File No. 11. Apr 1, 2025 |
| SB 414 | Revises provisions relating to governmental administration. (BDR 23-1111) | Cosponsor | Mar 20, 2025 | Passed both chambers | Government Operations and Politics(model) | Vetoed by the Governor. (Return to 84th Session.) Jun 10, 2025 |
Online
A site that has not changed in 90 days. Pazina’s official site had 1 page when last crawled on Oct 1, 2026.
The lab crawls Pazina’s official and campaign websites (weekly for Congress, monthly for the states) and keeps every page’s text, so changes can be read later; it also records social accounts and describes the images Pazina posts with a vision model.
Websites
- 1
pages crawled
0changes in 90 days
- 8
pages crawled
5changes in 90 days
How to read the counts
“Pages crawled” is the size of the site at the last crawl; “changes in 90 days” counts pages whose text differed from the previous crawl. Sites change for many routine reasons, such as new press releases, so a high count is not by itself notable.
Social accounts
Images Pazina posted
No images from Pazina’s posts have been described.
About the descriptions
Written by a vision model and may be wrong. Open the post to see the original. Five are shown; the toggle shows the rest.
State floor speeches
172 turns, Mar 2, 2023 to Nov 13, 2025
Floor speeches
Transcribed from chamber video or captions by the lab. They are not classified for kinds of statement.
Methods and sources
How this page was made. Profile built Oct 28, 2026; site last built Oct 28, 2026. Every number on the page is computed from the sources listed here, by the same rules for every official; nothing is written by hand.
The headline
The headline is the measure on which Pazina is most unusual among State Senate Democrats, chosen by one rule for every official of every party. The candidates are the rate of each kind of statement and of extreme labels, party unity, attendance, the small-donor share, the in-state share and total receipts of the latest cycle, the share of sponsored bills that got out of committee, talk-to-bills agreement, and the CSIP score’s place within the party group.
The builder ranks every measure within the same peer group the page compares it with, and writes each official’s percentile: the share of the group below the value, ties counting half, so 0.5 is the median and a value shared by many never ranks first. A measure’s score is how far that percentile sits from the median (0 in the middle, 0.5 at either end), and the highest score leads if it is above 0.25, outside the middle half of the group. Scores within 0.03 of each other are a tie, broken in this order: votes against the party majority, kinds of statement, ideology, roll calls missed, small donations, in-state money, legislation, agreement, extreme labels, receipts.
A measure counts only with at least 200 statements, 100 roll calls or 5 sponsored bills behind it and a peer group of at least 10. Two things never lead: high party unity or attendance, where most members sit, and a high rate of a kind of statement backed by fewer than 10 statements. When nothing qualifies, the headline is a neutral fact instead: statements classified, or years in office. The wording always names the direction (“in the bottom 5% of …”, “votes against the majority of …”).
Identifiers
- Profile id
- a12a3103-37b0-4ac4-81f0-100aaad494e3
- Open States
- ocd-person/a12a3103-37b0-4ac4-81f0-100aaad494e3
Bulk files with the same data for every official:
Freshness of this profile’s data
- What politicians sayOct 27, 20261 days agoMembers of Congress: tweets since 2017; press releases, newsletters and floor speeches since 2022. State legislators: tweets since May 2024. Governors: tweets since January 2025. Labels from an LLM classifier.
- Roll calls (state)Oct 21, 20267 days agoOpen States floor roll calls, 2019 on (none for AK and MO).
- Bills (state)Oct 28, 2026todayOpen States bills and sponsors, 2019 on; stages from roll calls.
- Campaign money (state)no dateState campaign-finance agencies, 2019 on; aggregates only.
- Ideology (CSIP)Oct 25, 20263 days agoCommon-Space Ideal Points (CSIP), current validated run.
- WebsitesOct 25, 20263 days agoWeekly crawls of federal sites since April 2026; monthly state crawls since June 2026.
- State floor speechesOct 21, 20267 days agoState floor speech turns (published transcripts and captions), 2020 on; not LLM-classified.
How the measures work
- What politicians say
- Every post, press release, newsletter and congressional floor speech is read by a language model and marked for personal attacks, policy criticism, policy discussion, bipartisanship and credit claiming. A statement can be in several. Rates are shares of statements in the window. The methods paper.
- Extreme labels
- A statement has an extreme label when it calls a politician, party or policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who the label is aimed at.
- Policy areas and agreement
- Statements and bills share 25 Congressional Research Service policy areas (state bills are assigned by a language model). Agreement is 1 − Jensen–Shannon distance between the two distributions, shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
- Ideology (CSIP)
- Common-Space Ideal Points place federal and state officials on one left–right scale, estimated jointly from roll calls, campaign contributions and the text of statements, with standard errors. Only a validated run is shown. The methods paper.
- Campaign money
- Campaigns report by name only donors who give more than $200 in a cycle; smaller gifts are reported as one total. Federal totals and the small-donor share come from the FEC’s financial summaries of each campaign committee. Donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations cover itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift totals, so state figures are itemized only. The lab never publishes donor names.
- Votes and key votes
- Attendance, party unity and the count of votes against the majority of an official’s own party come from roll calls (Voteview for Congress, chamber records for the states). Key votes are final-passage or override votes that became law, were decided by under 10%, saw at least 10% of a party vote against its majority, or concerned one of the 25 bills most mentioned in officials’ statements.
- Peers and ranks
- Comparisons are with the same party, chamber and level (for example House Democrats); state legislators are compared within their state and chamber for votes. Every comparison names its group. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; tied values share the average of their ranks, and the percentile is the share of the group below the value, ties counting half.
America’s Political Pulse · Polarization Research Lab