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Republican · Montana Senate, district 21

Serving since Feb 22, 2024MT 2025–26 session

Portrait of Gayle Lammers, rendered as a two-tone print
Official portrait
476
votes against the majority of Montana Senate Republicans

Party unity 54%, in the bottom tenth of the Montana Senate (average 85%). 2,812 roll calls in the MT 2025–26 session.

Party unity counts only party-line roll calls, where most Democrats and most Republicans voted on opposite sides, and is the share of those where Lammers voted with the majority of Montana Senate Republicans; it is ranked within the Montana Senate. The count covers every roll call where Lammers voted opposite that majority.

At a glance

5 measures against State Senate Republicans. Lammers sits at +0.10 on the CSIP scale, more liberal than 85% of State Senate Republicans. Lammers reported $14.6K in the 2024 cycle, in the bottom half of State Senate Republicans (median $28.3K).

The measures on which Lammers sits furthest from the middle of State Senate Republicans, each against the same group, with the CSIP score when there is one. Every number is explained in its own section below.

Party unity

54%

Montana Senate average 85% · ranks 47th of 50 · 476 votes against the majority of Montana Senate Republicans

Attendance

99.9%

Montana Senate average 98.9% · ranks 5th of 50 · 2,812 roll calls

CSIP ideology

+0.10

More liberal than 85% of State Senate Republicans · ± 0.05

Itemized, 2024

$14.6K

State Senate Republicans’ median $28.3K · ranks 80th of 112

From Montana, 2024

92%

Of itemized individual dollars · ranks 56th of 109 State Senate Republicans

Statements

1

1 posts on X

Peer group: State Senate Republicans. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; the thick bar is Lammers, the thin grey bar the peer average. The headline is the measure on which Lammers is most unusual among peers (Methods, §08).

Back to topNext: What politicians say

What Lammers says

Lammers talks about policy less than 98% of State Senate Republicans. Policy discussion in 0% of 1 statements, against 37% for the average State Senate Republican; 352nd of 355.

An AI model reads each of Lammers’s 1 statements in the MT 2025–26 session (1 posts on X) and marks the kinds of statement it contains: a personal attack, criticism of a policy, discussion of policy, bipartisanship, credit claiming, and extreme labels. A statement can carry several. Every rate is compared with the average for State Senate Republicans and ranked among them.

Kinds of statement

Share of statements carrying each label, the MT 2025–26 session

0%80%
Lammers
Peers
Rank
Personal attacks0 statements
0%
2%
273rd of 355
Policy criticism0 statements
0%
9%
331st of 355
Policy discussion0 statements
0%
37%
352nd of 355
Bipartisanship0 statements
0%
2%
311th of 355
Credit claiming0 statements
0%
15%
342nd of 355
Show the data
Lammers's share of statements in each category against the State Senate Republicans average.
RowLammersPeers
Personal attacks0%2%
Policy criticism0%9%
Policy discussion0%37%
Bipartisanship0%2%
Credit claiming0%15%
1

statements classified

1 posts on X.

posts on X: 1 (100.0%)posts on X 1
Show the data
Lammers's statements by source
PartValue
posts on X1
How to read the bars

The thick bar is Lammers; the thin grey bar is the average State Senate Republicans. A longer thick bar means Lammers does this more than peers. Rank 1 is the highest rate in the group.

Extreme labels

Lammers used no extreme labels in 1 statements. The peer average is 1.3%.

No extreme labels in this window.

Who gets the labels

Targets named alongside an extreme label, by number of statements

No targets recorded.

What an extreme label is

Calls a politician, a party or a policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who or what the label was aimed at. The lists show the five most used labels and targets; the toggle shows the rest.

Month by month

Share of statements per month, the MT 2025–26 session

No month in this window has 10 or more statements, too few to chart month by month.

How to read the strips

Each row is one kind of statement; each cell is a month, shaded against that row’s own peak (darker = closer to the peak), with the peak and the latest value written at the right. The top row counts statements. The strip covers every month of the MT 2025–26 session, the same span as the rates above, including months with no statements. A month with fewer than 10 statements is hatched, not shaded: one or two posts would swing its rate to 0% or 100%. 22 months are hatched here; 21 of them have no statements.

Examples by category

Up to five recent statements in each category

Category

Overtly questions a named person’s character, integrity or loyalty, or calls them names. Criticising a record or a policy does not count.

No statements in this category in this window.

All 1 statements

Newest first, the MT 2025–26 session

The full feed

Five statements at a time, newest first; filters apply to the statements loaded so far. Export saves the statements that match. Sources: 1 posts on X.

Back to topNext: Policy

Policy

No policy statements for the MT 2025–26 session.No classified statements (posts, press releases, newsletters, floor speeches) in this time window.

Back to topNext: Ideology

Ideology

Lammers sits at +0.10 on the CSIP scale, right of 0, more liberal than 85% of State Senate Republicans. Approximate range +0.05 to +0.14, which understates the uncertainty; from 37 donors and 299 roll calls.

CSIP, the lab’s Common-Space Ideal Point, places every official, federal and state, on one left–right scale, estimated from roll-call votes, who gives money to whom, and the text of statements. Negative is left of 0, positive right of it; 0 is the centre of the scale, not a definition of “moderate”.

+0.10

CSIP ideal point

Approximate range +0.05 to +0.14. From 37 donors and 299 roll calls. Run 2026-10-25T215945. Blue is left of 0, red right of 0.

← More liberalMore conservative →0Lammers +0.1State Senate Republicans +0.4Montana Senate +0.2All State Senate +0.1

The outlined dot is Lammers, coloured by its side of 0 (blue left, red right, deeper further out); the bar through it is the approximate range (±1.96 standard errors), which understates the uncertainty; the grey ticks below are the medians of Lammers’s groups. 0 is the centre of the scale, not “moderate” by definition.

What this means, and what it doesn’t

The score summarises how an official votes, who funds them and how they talk, relative to everyone else. It does not grade positions as good or bad, and two officials with the same score can differ on any single issue. The ± range is 1.96 standard errors, which understates the uncertainty: scores whose ranges overlap may not differ at all, and even scores whose ranges do not overlap may not differ.

Where Lammers sits

Every official in each group, on the CSIP scale

−2.0−1.00.0+1.0+2.0← More liberalMore conservative →State Senate Republicansmedian +0.4Lammers +0.1Montana Senatemedian +0.2All State Senatemedian +0.1
Show the data
Lammers's CSIP score of +0.10 placed against State Senate Republicans, Montana Senate, All State Senate.
GroupOfficialsMedianShare left of Lammers
State Senate Republicans1083+0.415%
Montana Senate50+0.244%
All State Senate1909+0.152%
How to read the strips

Every small dot is one official on the same scale, coloured by its own score (blue left of 0, red right of 0, grey at 0, deeper further out) and spread up and down only to keep dots apart; where a group is crowded the dots overlap, and darker patches mean more officials. The large outlined dot is Lammers in every row; the rule is each group’s median. The table under the figure gives the share of each group to the left of Lammers.

Back to topNext: Money

Money

Lammers reported $14.6K in the 2024 cycle, below the State Senate Republicans’ median of $28.3K. State filings report no small-donation total. 92% of itemized individual money came from Montana.

Campaign money from state campaign-finance filings, as aggregates only; the lab never shows an individual donor. Campaigns must report by name every person who gives them more than $200 in a cycle (“itemized”); smaller gifts are reported only as one total (“unitemized”), so donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations describe itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift total, so these figures add up itemized contributions only.

$14.6K

itemized in the 2024 cycle

From 37 itemized donors. State Senate Republicans’ median $28.3K.

Where the money came from

Each square is one percent of itemized contributions in the 2024 cycle.

Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)Individuals (itemized): $11.4K (78.4%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)PACs and other committees: $2,450 (16.8%)Party committees: $700 (4.8%)Party committees: $700 (4.8%)Party committees: $700 (4.8%)Party committees: $700 (4.8%)Party committees: $700 (4.8%)
  • Individuals (itemized)78 squares$11.4K
  • PACs and other committees17 squares$2,450
  • Party committees5 squares$700
Show the data
Sources of Lammers's money, 2024 cycle, one square per percent
SourceAmountShare
Individuals (itemized)$11.4K78.4%
PACs and other committees$2,45016.8%
Party committees$7004.8%
What this means, and what it doesn’t

Totals say how much a campaign took in, not how it was spent, and they rise sharply when a seat is up for election; compare cycles with that in mind.

Receipts by cycle

Itemized contributions, 2024 to 2024. The grey line is the State Senate Republicans’ median for 2024.

2024 cycle: $14.6K$14.6K2024State Senate Republicans median $28.3K
Show the data
Lammers's receipts by cycle against the 2024 State Senate Republicans median.
ItemValue
2024 cycle$14.6K

Top donor states, 2024

Itemized contributions by donor state. 92% came from Montana.

  1. Montana$10.5K
  2. Missouri$450
  3. Florida$250
  4. Wyoming$100
  5. Vermont$100

Small donations

State filings report no total for small gifts.

Not reported in state filings.

Where itemized donors live

Individuals who gave more than $200, by donor state

Alaska: no dataAKMaine: no dataMEVermont: $100VTNew Hampshire: no dataNHWashington: no dataWAIdaho: no dataIDMontana: $10.5KMTNorth Dakota: no dataNDMinnesota: no dataMNIllinois: no dataILWisconsin: no dataWIMichigan: no dataMINew York: no dataNYRhode Island: no dataRIMassachusetts: no dataMAOregon: no dataORNevada: no dataNVWyoming: $100WYSouth Dakota: no dataSDIowa: no dataIAIndiana: no dataINOhio: no dataOHPennsylvania: no dataPANew Jersey: no dataNJConnecticut: no dataCTCalifornia: no dataCAUtah: no dataUTColorado: no dataCONebraska: no dataNEMissouri: $450MOKentucky: no dataKYWest Virginia: no dataWVVirginia: no dataVAMaryland: no dataMDDelaware: no dataDEArizona: no dataAZNew Mexico: no dataNMKansas: no dataKSArkansas: no dataARTennessee: no dataTNNorth Carolina: no dataNCSouth Carolina: no dataSCDistrict of Columbia: no dataDCOklahoma: no dataOKLouisiana: no dataLAMississippi: no dataMSAlabama: no dataALGeorgia: no dataGAHawaii: no dataHITexas: no dataTXFlorida: $250FL
Show the data
Lammers's itemized individual contributions by donor state, 2024 cycle
StateValue
Montana$10.5K
Missouri$450
Florida$250
Vermont$100
Wyoming$100
AlaskaNo data
MaineNo data
New HampshireNo data
WashingtonNo data
IdahoNo data
North DakotaNo data
MinnesotaNo data
IllinoisNo data
WisconsinNo data
MichiganNo data
New YorkNo data
Rhode IslandNo data
MassachusettsNo data
OregonNo data
NevadaNo data
South DakotaNo data
IowaNo data
IndianaNo data
OhioNo data
PennsylvaniaNo data
New JerseyNo data
ConnecticutNo data
CaliforniaNo data
UtahNo data
ColoradoNo data
NebraskaNo data
KentuckyNo data
West VirginiaNo data
VirginiaNo data
MarylandNo data
DelawareNo data
ArizonaNo data
New MexicoNo data
KansasNo data
ArkansasNo data
TennesseeNo data
North CarolinaNo data
South CarolinaNo data
District of ColumbiaNo data
OklahomaNo data
LouisianaNo data
MississippiNo data
AlabamaNo data
GeorgiaNo data
HawaiiNo data
TexasNo data
37

itemized donors

People who gave more than $200

92%

from Montana

Of itemized individual dollars

How to read the map

Every state the same size. Darker states gave more itemized money; hatched states had no itemized donors; the outlined state is Montana. Gifts of $200 or less carry no address and are left out.

Top donor occupations

Itemized, 2024 cycle.

  1. RETIRED$2,300 7 donors
  2. FARMER$1,050 3 donors

Top committees

PAC and committee contributions, 2024 cycle.

  1. MHA PAC$450
  2. MONTANA COAL COUNCIL$450
  3. MONTANANS FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING-PAC$450
  4. MONTANA BUSINESS PAC$350
  5. CARBON COUNTY REPUBLICAN WOMEN$250

Top employers

Itemized, 2024 cycle.

No employers reported.

Aggregates only. Individual donors are never named.

Back to topNext: Votes

Votes

Lammers voted with the majority of Montana Senate Republicans on 54% of party-line votes and missed 0.1% of 2,812 roll calls. Montana Senate on average: 85% party unity, 98.9% attendance. Across all roll calls, Lammers voted against the majority of Montana Senate Republicans 476 times.

2,812 roll calls Lammers could vote on in the MT 2025–26 session, compared with Montana Senate. Attendance is the share with a vote recorded. Party unity counts only party-line roll calls, where most Democrats and most Republicans voted on opposite sides, and is the share of those where Lammers voted with the majority of Montana Senate Republicans. The count of votes against that majority covers every roll call where the majority took a side.

476

votes against the majority of Montana Senate Republicans

Party unity 54%, Montana Senate average 85%, ranks 47th of 50. 2,812 roll calls in the MT 2025–26 session.

Attendance and party unity

The thick bar is Lammers, the thin grey bar the Montana Senate average. The scale runs from 50% to 100% to show the gap.

50%100%
Lammers
Peers
Rank
Attendance
99.9%
98.9%
5th of 50
Party unity
54%
85%
47th of 50
Show the data
Lammers's attendance and party unity against Montana Senate.
RowLammersPeers
Attendance99.9%98.9%
Party unity54%85%
What this means, and what it doesn’t

A missed roll call has many causes, from illness to campaigning, so attendance says how often, not why. A vote against the majority can be on procedure as well as substance, and many fall on roll calls where both parties split; the key votes below show the ones that decided something.

Key votes

Roll calls the lab flags as key

No votes in this window met the key-vote rules.

How key votes are chosen

Automatically: a final-passage or override vote where the measure became law, the margin was under 10%, at least 10% of either party voted against its majority, or the bill was among the 25 most mentioned in officials’ own statements. Up to 25 per window, most recent first; five are shown. Bars show yea on the left, nay on the right, per party.

Votes most often with

The colleagues who voted the same way as Lammers most often

  1. Josh KassmierR2,787 shared votes98%
  2. Gregg HunterR2,803 shared votes95%
  3. Denley LogeR2,805 shared votes95%
  4. Wendy McKameyR2,771 shared votes93%
  5. Jason EllsworthR2,736 shared votes93%

Votes least often with

The colleagues who voted the same way as Lammers least often

  1. Daniel EmrichR2,789 shared votes65%
  2. Andrea OlsenD2,781 shared votes66%
  3. Jeremy TrebasR2,798 shared votes69%
  4. Carl GlimmR2,798 shared votes71%
  5. Mary Ann DunwellD2,807 shared votes72%
How to read the agreement lists

The share of roll calls both members voted on where they voted the same way, among colleagues sharing at least 50 such votes. High agreement with members of the other party is common on routine votes.

Full voting record

MT 2025–26 session, loads in batches

Back to topNext: Legislation

Legislation

No bills for the MT 2025–26 session.No sponsored or cosponsored bills are recorded for this official in this time window.

Back to topNext: Online

Online

A site that has not changed in 90 days. Lammers’s official site had 1 page when last crawled on Oct 1, 2026.

The lab crawls Lammers’s official and campaign websites (weekly for Congress, monthly for the states) and keeps every page’s text, so changes can be read later; it also records social accounts and describes the images Lammers posts with a vision model.

Websites

How to read the counts

“Pages crawled” is the size of the site at the last crawl; “changes in 90 days” counts pages whose text differed from the previous crawl. Sites change for many routine reasons, such as new press releases, so a high count is not by itself notable.

Images Lammers posted

No images from Lammers’s posts have been described.

About the descriptions

Written by a vision model and may be wrong. Open the post to see the original. Five are shown; the toggle shows the rest.

State floor speeches

No transcribed state floor speeches are matched to this legislator yet.

Floor speeches

Transcribed from chamber video or captions by the lab. They are not classified for kinds of statement.

Back to topNext: Methods and sources

Methods and sources

How this page was made. Profile built Oct 28, 2026; site last built Oct 28, 2026. Every number on the page is computed from the sources listed here, by the same rules for every official; nothing is written by hand.

The headline

The headline is the measure on which Lammers is most unusual among State Senate Republicans, chosen by one rule for every official of every party. The candidates are the rate of each kind of statement and of extreme labels, party unity, attendance, the small-donor share, the in-state share and total receipts of the latest cycle, the share of sponsored bills that got out of committee, talk-to-bills agreement, and the CSIP score’s place within the party group.

The builder ranks every measure within the same peer group the page compares it with, and writes each official’s percentile: the share of the group below the value, ties counting half, so 0.5 is the median and a value shared by many never ranks first. A measure’s score is how far that percentile sits from the median (0 in the middle, 0.5 at either end), and the highest score leads if it is above 0.25, outside the middle half of the group. Scores within 0.03 of each other are a tie, broken in this order: votes against the party majority, kinds of statement, ideology, roll calls missed, small donations, in-state money, legislation, agreement, extreme labels, receipts.

A measure counts only with at least 200 statements, 100 roll calls or 5 sponsored bills behind it and a peer group of at least 10. Two things never lead: high party unity or attendance, where most members sit, and a high rate of a kind of statement backed by fewer than 10 statements. When nothing qualifies, the headline is a neutral fact instead: statements classified, or years in office. The wording always names the direction (“in the bottom 5% of …”, “votes against the majority of …”).

Identifiers

Profile id
29925f97-152a-473e-951e-27d55dba532e
Open States
ocd-person/29925f97-152a-473e-951e-27d55dba532e

Bulk files with the same data for every official:

Freshness of this profile’s data

  • What politicians sayOct 27, 20261 days agoMembers of Congress: tweets since 2017; press releases, newsletters and floor speeches since 2022. State legislators: tweets since May 2024. Governors: tweets since January 2025. Labels from an LLM classifier.
  • Roll calls (state)Oct 21, 20267 days agoOpen States floor roll calls, 2019 on (none for AK and MO).
  • Bills (state)Oct 28, 2026todayOpen States bills and sponsors, 2019 on; stages from roll calls.
  • Campaign money (state)no dateState campaign-finance agencies, 2019 on; aggregates only.
  • Ideology (CSIP)Oct 25, 20263 days agoCommon-Space Ideal Points (CSIP), current validated run.
  • WebsitesOct 25, 20263 days agoWeekly crawls of federal sites since April 2026; monthly state crawls since June 2026.
  • State floor speechesOct 21, 20267 days agoState floor speech turns (published transcripts and captions), 2020 on; not LLM-classified.

How the measures work

What politicians say
Every post, press release, newsletter and congressional floor speech is read by a language model and marked for personal attacks, policy criticism, policy discussion, bipartisanship and credit claiming. A statement can be in several. Rates are shares of statements in the window. The methods paper.
Extreme labels
A statement has an extreme label when it calls a politician, party or policy “far left”, “far right”, “MAGA”, “extreme”, “radical”, “woke”, “fascist” or “communist”. The target is who the label is aimed at.
Policy areas and agreement
Statements and bills share 25 Congressional Research Service policy areas (state bills are assigned by a language model). Agreement is 1 − Jensen–Shannon distance between the two distributions, shown with at least 20 policy statements and 5 bills.
Ideology (CSIP)
Common-Space Ideal Points place federal and state officials on one left–right scale, estimated jointly from roll calls, campaign contributions and the text of statements, with standard errors. Only a validated run is shown. The methods paper.
Campaign money
Campaigns report by name only donors who give more than $200 in a cycle; smaller gifts are reported as one total. Federal totals and the small-donor share come from the FEC’s financial summaries of each campaign committee. Donor counts, donor states, employers and occupations cover itemized donors only. State filings report no small-gift totals, so state figures are itemized only. The lab never publishes donor names.
Votes and key votes
Attendance, party unity and the count of votes against the majority of an official’s own party come from roll calls (Voteview for Congress, chamber records for the states). Key votes are final-passage or override votes that became law, were decided by under 10%, saw at least 10% of a party vote against its majority, or concerned one of the 25 bills most mentioned in officials’ statements.
Peers and ranks
Comparisons are with the same party, chamber and level (for example House Democrats); state legislators are compared within their state and chamber for votes. Every comparison names its group. Rank 1 is the highest value in the group; tied values share the average of their ranks, and the percentile is the share of the group below the value, ties counting half.

America’s Political Pulse · Polarization Research Lab

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